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Preface xi About the Companion Website xvii 1 Introduction and Preliminaries 1
1.1 A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume 3
1.2 Macroscopic Versus Microscopic Points of View 5
1.3 Properties and State of a Substance 6
1.4 Processes and Cycles 7
1.5 Units for Mass Length Time and Force 8
1.6 Specific Volume and Density 11
1.7 Pressure 13
1.8 Energy 21
1.9 Equality of Temperature 24
1.10 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 25
1.11 Temperature Scales 25
1.12 Engineering Applications 27
Chapter 1 Problems 32 2 Properties of a Pure Substance 39
2.1 The Pure Substance 40
2.2 The Phase Boundaries 40
2.3 The Pâ??vâ??T Surface 45
2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties 47
2.5 The Two-Phase States 51
2.6 The Liquid and Solid States 53
2.7 The Superheated Vapor States 54
2.8 The Ideal Gas States 58
2.9 The Compressibility Factor 63
2.10 Equations of State 67
2.11 Engineering Applications 68
Chapter 2 Problems 73 3 Energy Equation and First Law of Thermodynamics 79
3.1 The Energy Equation 79
3.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 83
3.3 The Definition of Work 84
3.4 Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System 90
3.5 Definition of Heat 99
3.6 Heat Transfer Modes 100
3.7 Internal Energy--a Thermodynamic Property 103
3.8 Problem Analysis and Solution Technique 106
3.9 The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy 113
3.10 The Constant-Volume and Constant-Pressure Specific Heats 117
3.11 The Internal Energy Enthalpy and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases 118
3.12 Nonuniform Distribution of States and Mass 126
3.13 The Transient Process 127
3.14 General Systems that Involve Work 130
3.15 Engineering Applications 132
Chapter 3 Problems 145 4 Energy Analysis for a Control Volume 161
4.1 Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume 161
4.2 The Energy Equation for a Control Volume 164
4.3 The Steady-State Process 167
4.4 Examples of Steady-State Processes 169
4.5 Multiple-Flow Devices 183
4.6 The Transient Flow Process 186
4.7 Engineering Applications 192
Chapter 4 Problems 200 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 213
5.1 Heat Engines and Refrigerators 213
5.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 220
5.3 The Reversible Process 223
5.4 Factors That Render Processes Irreversible 224
5.5 The Carnot Cycle 227
5.6 Two Propositions Regarding the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle 229
5.7 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 231
5.8 The Ideal Gas Temperature Scale 232
5.9 Ideal Versus Real Machines 234
5.10 The Inequality of Clausius 238
5.11 Engineering Applications 242
Chapter 5 Problems 247 6 Entropy 257
6.1 Entropy--a Property of a System 257
6.2 The Entropy of a Pure Substance 259
6.3 Entropy Change in Reversible Processes 261
6.4 The Thermodynamic Property Relation 266
6.5 Entropy Change of a Solid or Liquid 268
6.6 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas 269
6.7 The Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas 274
6.8 Entropy Change of a Control Mass During an Irreversible Process 278
6.9 Entropy Generation and the Entropy Equation 279
6.10 Principle of the Increase of Entropy 282
6.11 Entropy as a Rate Equation 285
6.12 Heat Engine and Refrigerator Analysis 288
6.13 Some General Comments About Entropy and Chaos 290
Chapter 6 Problems 295 7 Entropy Analysis for a Control Volume 307
7.1 The Entropy Equation for a Control Volume 307
7.2 The Steady-State Process 309
7.3 Flow Work in a Steady-State Single-Flow Process 316
7.4 Principle of the Increase of Entropy 322
7.5 The Transient Flow Process 325
7.6 Device Efficiency 328
7.7 Engineering Applications 335
Chapter 7 Problems 340 8 Exergy 353
8.1 Exergy Reversible Work and Irreversibility 353
8.2 The Steady-State Process 358
8.3 The Control Mass Process 363
8.4 The Transient Process With Flow 365
8.5 Exergy and Its Balance Equation 367
8.6 The Second-Law Efficiency 373
8.7 Engineering Applications 376
8.8 Final Remarks About Exergy 379
Chapter 8 Problems 382 9 Power and Refrigeration Systems--With Phase Change 391
9.1 Introduction to Power Systems 392
9.2 The Rankine Cycle 393
9.3 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Rankine Cycle 396
9.4 The Reheat Cycle 400
9.5 The Regenerative Cycle and Feedwater Heaters 402
9.6 Deviation of Actual Cycles From Ideal Cycles 408
9.7 Combined Heat and Power: Other Configurations 413
9.8 Introduction to Refrigeration Systems 416
9.9 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 417
9.10 Working Fluids for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems 419
9.11 Deviation of the Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle from the Ideal Cycle 421
9.12 Refrigeration Cycle Configurations 423
9.13 The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle 425
9.14 Exergy Analysis of Cycles 427
Chapter 9 Problems 432 10 Power and Refrigeration Systems--Gaseous Working Fluids 443
10.1 Air-Standard Power Cycles 443
10.2 The Brayton Cycle 444
10.3 The Simple Gas Turbine Cycle With a Regenerator 451
10.4 Gas Turbine Power Cycle Configurations 453
10.5 The Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion 456
10.6 The Air-Standard Refrigeration Cycle 460
10.7 Reciprocating Engine Power Cycles 463
10.8 The Otto Cycle 465
10.9 The Diesel Cycle 469
10.10 The Stirling Cycle 472
10.11 The Atkinson and Miller Cycles 473
10.12 Combined-Cycle Power and Refrigeration Systems 477
Chapter 10 Problems 482 Contents of Appendix A-1 Appendix A SI Units: Single-State Properties A-3 Appendix B SI Units: Thermodynamic Tables A-23 Appendix C Ideal Gas Specific Heat A-77 Appendix D Equations of State A-79 Appendix E Figures A-85 Appendix F English Unit Tables A-91 Index I-1