Hjem

This book develops the subject of Chemical Thermodynamics, starting from the behavior of gases and the fundamental laws as viewed through gases in piston systems and reversible/irreversible cycles. The concept of entropy is alternately described from a statistical point of view. The fundamental equations and the manipulation of thermodynamic partial derivatives are followed by example applications such as Joule-Thomson cooling. The concept of equilibrium, and the conditions in which entropy, Helmholtz and Gibbs energies are used to predict equilibrium are developed. The equality of chemical potentials between phases is used to develop coexistence curves via the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. These concepts are used, in part, in a discussion of Climate. A description of the use of thermodynamic data is followed by prediction of gaseous reactions, with an emphasis on combustion, determining adiabatic flame temperatures and extents of product formation. Reactions between gases and condensed phases is applied to extractive metallurgical processes. Solution theory is built initially based on Raoultian behavior, developing liquid-vapor and solid-liquid phase diagrams. Real solutions are modeled based on regular solution theory, which in turn predicts many experimentally-derived phase diagrams. The Gibbs Phase rule is derived and applied to many equilibrium topics previously developed. Ternary phase equilibria diagrams are rendered using Gibbs triangles, analytic geometry, and Raoultion solution theory. Methods of reading and interpreting published ternary diagrams, without and with solid solution, are discussed. Surface thermodynamics is advanced, first by deriving the Young-Laplace equation, and showing its application in measuring surface energy and the various applications of its associated capillarity. The effects of colloidal droplet size on vapor pressure and solubility is discussed. The Gibbs dividing surface is developed to explain surface composition changes typically observed in multicomponent mixtures. The forces applied by solid-state interfaces are used to discuss important concepts in materials science such as solid state sintering.