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Preface xvii 1 History and Development of Ionic Liquids 1 Sumana Brahma and Ramesh L. Gardas
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Constituents of ILs 2
1.3 The Brief History 3
1.4 Ionic Liquid-Like Systems 6
1.5 The Generation of ILs 6
1.6 Structural Development of ILs 9
1.7 Scope of ILs 17
1.8 Commercialization of ILs 18
1.9 Conclusions 20 2 Growth of Ionic Liquids and their Applications 29 Sudakhina Saikia, Himadri Borah, Pangkita Deka, and Rekha R. Dutta
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Growth of Ionic Liquids 30
2.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids 33
2.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 44 3 Study of Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 51 Tridib Mondal and Palas Samanta
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 52
3.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 62 4 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Are Ionic Liquids Nontoxic and Biodegradable? 69 Helen Treasa Mathew, Kumar Abhisek, Shashikant Shivaji Vhatkar, Arvind Kumar, and Ramesh Oraon
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Toxicity and Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids 71
4.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents 78
4.4 IoNanofluids 82
4.5 Conclusion 88 5 Promising Uses of Ionic Liquids on Carbon--Carbon and Carbon--Nitrogen Bond Formations 97 Sudeshna Kalita and Anup Singhania
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 Carbon--Carbon Bond Formation Reactions 98
5.3 Carbon--Nitrogen Bond Formation Reaction 117
5.4 Conclusion 131 6 Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques 141 Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Eden Mulu, Jean J.R. Kinhoun, Temitope F. Ajibade, Kayode H. Lasisi, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, and Daniel A. Ayejoto
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 General Characteristics of ILs 143
6.3 The Use of ILs in Separation Technology 145
6.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 153 7 Polymers and Ionic Liquids 161 Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Jean J. R. Kinhoun, Eden Mulu, Temitope F. Ajibade, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Bashir Adelodun, Pankaj Kumar, and Oluwaseyi A. Ajala
7.1 Introduction 161
7.2 Properties of ILs 163
7.3 Synthesis of PILs 166
7.4 Types and Application of Common PILs 167
7.5 Conclusion 167 8 Effect of Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Biosensors and Other Bioelectrochemical Devices 179 Himadri Borah, Upakul Dutta, and Rekha R. Dutta
8.1 Introduction 179
8.2 The Importance of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry 181
8.3 Fabrication of IL-Based Sensing Layers 184
8.4 IL-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 186
8.5 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioelectrochemical Devices 191
8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 191 9 Nanopharmaceuticals With Ionic Liquids: A Novel Approach 195 Bharadwaj Ittishree, Lipeeka Rout, Vinod Kashyap, and Rahul Sharma
9.1 Introduction 195
9.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Various Fields 196
9.3 Nanotechnology and Ionic Liquids 197
9.4 Use of Ionic Liquids in Nanocarrier Development (ReportedWork) 198
9.5 Ionic Liquid-Assisted Metal Nanoparticles 198
9.6 Conclusion 201 10 Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids 203 Atrayee Banaspati and Nirupamjit Sarmah
10.1 Introduction 203
10.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids 205
10.3 Toxicity of Ionic Liquids 207
10.4 Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids 209
10.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 213 11 Importance of Ionic Liquids in Plant Defense: A Novel Approach 221 Mamun Mandal and Abhijit Sarkar
11.1 Introduction 221
11.2 Generation of ILs and Their Application 222
11.3 Role of ILs in Plant Defense Mechanisms 224
11.4 IL Products in Future Management of Agri Industries: An Innovative Approach 229
11.5 Conclusions 230 12 Theoretical Description of Ionic Liquids 235 Daniel A. Ayetoro, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, Kelechi E. Igwe, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Hailu Demissie, Temitope F. Ajibade, Abdulhamid Yusuf, Kayode H. Lasisi, Pankaj Kumar, Bashir Adelodun, and Fidelis O. Ajibade
12.1 Introduction 235
12.2 Ionic Liquid Dynamics 237
12.3 Theoretical Advances in Force Fields and Electronic Structures 239
12.4 Mixtures in Ionic Liquids 241
12.5 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Processes 245
12.6 Future Developments 247
12.7 Conclusion 248 13 Theoretical Understanding of Ionic Liquid Advancements in the Field of Medicine 255 Mrinal K. Si
13.1 Introduction 255
13.2 A Brief History of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents 257
13.3 Biomedical Applications 257
13.4 Summary and Future Aspects 260 14 Recent Developments in Ionic Liquid Research from Environmental Perspectives 265 Prarthana Bora and Swapnali Hazarika
14.1 Introduction 265
14.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids 267
14.3 Limitations of Ionic Liquids 278
14.4 Conclusion 279 15 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Biomass Conversion in Biorefinery 283 Rakesh Dutta and Khemnath Patir
15.1 Introduction 283
15.2 Biomass as a Source of Organic Compounds and Fuels 284
15.3 Biomass Conversion Process 285
15.4 Value-Added Organic Compounds from Biomass in Ionic Liquids 286
15.5 Production of Biodiesel with Ionic Liquids 291
15.6 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of ILs for Biorefinery 292
15.7 Conclusions 295 16 Ionic Liquids for Atmospheric CO2 Capture: A Techno-Economic Assessment 301 Kumar Abhisek, Helen T. Mathew, Shashikant S. Vhatkar, Dipti S. Srivastava, Rahul Minz, and Ramesh Oraon
16.1 Introduction 301
16.2 Different Processes of CO2 Capture 303
16.3 Conclusion 316 17 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 333 Kalyani Motghare, Diwakar Shende, Dharam Pal, and Kailas L. Wasewar
17.1 Introduction 333
17.2 Biobutanol: First-Generation Biofuels 335
17.3 Butanol Production 335
17.4 Butanol Recovery 337
17.5 Ionic Liquids 339
17.6 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 343
17.7 World Butanol Demand 344
17.8 Conclusion 345 18 Bio-Carboxylic Acid Separation by Ionic Liquids 353 Anuj Kumar, F.M. Antony, D.Z. Shende, and K.L. Wasewar
18.1 Introduction 353
18.2 Ionic Liquids 355
18.3 Challenges in the Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids 357
18.4 Methods for Separating Bio-Carboxylic Acids 357
18.5 Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids by the Reactive Extraction Process 360
18.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 364 19 Current Trends in QSAR and Machine Learning Models of Ionic Liquids: Efficient Tools for Designing Environmentally Safe Solvents for the Future 369 Supratik Kar and Jerzy Leszczynski
19.1 Ionic Liquids and Their Structural Characteristics 369
19.2 Properties of ILs 372
19.3 Application of ILs 372
19.4 Do ILs Follow Green Chemistry Principles and Are Hazard Free for Environment? 375
19.5 Regulatory Proposals for Toxicity Assessment of ILs 376
19.6 Why In Silico Modeling Is Needed for ILs 377
19.7 Predictive Toxicity Models for ILs 378
19.8 Databases of Ionic Liquid 380
19.9 Overview and Future Avenues 388 20 Advances in Simulation Research on Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 395 Huo Feng and Yue Bowen
20.1 Simulation Method of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 396
20.2 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Batteries 403
20.3 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Capacitors 408
20.4 Conclusion 413 21 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Heterocyclic Chemistry 419 Suresh Rajamanickam and Binoyargha Dam
21.1 Introduction 419
21.2 Application of Ionic Liquids in the Syntheses of Various Heterocycles 421
21.3 Conclusion and Future Prospective 440 22 Application of Ionic Liquids in Drug Development 443 Partha Dutta, Charu Arora, and Sanju Soni
22.1 Introduction 443
22.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids 444
22.3 General Synthetic Methodologies 444
22.4 An Overview of Applications in Diverse Fields 445
22.5 Specific Applications in the Field of Pharmaceutical Development 447 23 Application of Ionic Liquids in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology 459 Ehiaghe Agbovhimen Elimian, Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade, Temitope Fausat Ajibade, Hailu Demissie, Nathaniel Azubuike Nwogwu, Kayode Hassan Lasisi, Daniel A. Ayetoro, and Ehizonomhen Solomon Okonofua
23.1 Introduction 460
23.2 Properties of Ionic Liquids 460
23.3 Whole-Cell Biotransformations 464
23.4 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Enzyme Catalysis 467
23.5 Enzyme Selectivity in Ionic Liquids 469
23.6 Ionic Liquid Stability of Enzymes 470
23.7 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioethanol Production 471
23.8 Ionic Liquids Applied in the Synthesis of Biodiesel 475
23.9 Conclusion 479 References 479 Index 489