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Michel Barsoum
(2019)
Taylor & Francis
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Fundamentals of Ceramics
Michel Barsoum
(2019)
Sprog: Engelsk
Taylor & Francis Group
1.531,00 kr.
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Detaljer om varen
- 2. Udgave
- Vital Source searchable e-book (Reflowable pages)
- Udgiver: Taylor & Francis (December 2019)
- ISBN: 9781000397956
Fundamentals of Ceramics presents readers with an exceptionally clear and comprehensive introduction to ceramic science. This Second Edition updates problems and adds more worked examples, as well as adding new chapter sections on Computational Materials Science and Case Studies. The Computational Materials Science sections describe how today density functional theory and molecular dynamics calculations can shed valuable light on properties, especially ones that are not easy to measure or visualize otherwise such as surface energies, elastic constants, point defect energies, phonon modes, etc. The Case Studies sections focus more on applications, such as solid oxide fuel cells, optical fibers, alumina forming materials, ultra-strong and thin glasses, glass-ceramics, strong and tough ceramics, fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites, thermal barrier coatings, the space shuttle tiles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, two-dimensional solids, field-assisted and microwave sintering, colossal magnetoresistance, among others.
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Detaljer om varen
- 2. Udgave
- Hardback: 648 sider
- Udgiver: Taylor & Francis Group (December 2019)
- ISBN: 9781498708135
Fundamentals of Ceramics presents readers with an exceptionally clear and comprehensive introduction to ceramic science. This Second Edition updates problems and adds more worked examples, as well as adding new chapter sections on Computational Materials Science and Case Studies.
The Computational Materials Science sections describe how today density functional theory and molecular dynamics calculations can shed valuable light on properties, especially ones that are not easy to measure or visualize otherwise such as surface energies, elastic constants, point defect energies, phonon modes, etc. The Case Studies sections focus more on applications, such as solid oxide fuel cells, optical fibers, alumina forming materials, ultra-strong and thin glasses, glass-ceramics, strong and tough ceramics, fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites, thermal barrier coatings, the space shuttle tiles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, two-dimensional solids, field-assisted and microwave sintering, colossal magnetoresistance, among others.
CONTENTS Series Preface xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to First Edition xv Author xix 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definition of Ceramics 2
1.3 Elementary Crystallography 3
1.4 Ceramic Microstructures 6
1.5 Traditional versus Advanced Ceramics 6
1.6 General Characteristics of Ceramics 7
1.7 Applications 7
1.8 The Future 9 Additional Reading 11 2 Bonding in Ceramics 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Structure of Atoms 14
2.3 Ionic versus Covalent Bonding 23
2.4 Ionic Bonding 23
2.5 Ionically Bonded Solids 28
2.6 Covalent Bond Formation 34
2.7 Covalently Bonded Solids 37
2.8 Band Theory of Solids 37
2.9 Summary 49 Appendix 2A: Kinetic Energy of Free Electrons 50 Additional Reading 52 Other References 53 3 Structure of Ceramics 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Ceramic Structures 57
3.3 Binary Ionic Compounds 62
3.4 Composite Crystal Structures 67
3.5 Structure of Covalent Ceramics 70
3.6 Structure of Layered Ceramics 70
3.7 Structure of Silicates 71
3.8 Lattice Parameters and Density 77
3.9 Summary 85 Appendix 3A 86 Additional Reading 92 Other References 92 4 Effect of Chemical Forces on Physical Properties 93
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Melting Points 94
4.3 Thermal Expansion 99
4.4 Young''s Modulus and the Strength of Perfect Solids 100
4.5 Surface Energy 106
4.6 Frequencies of Atomic Vibrations 108
4.7 Summary 113 Additional Reading 116 Multimedia References and Databases 116 5 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations 117
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Free Energy 118
5.3 Chemical Equilibrium and the Mass Action Expression 129
5.4 Chemical Stability Domains 130
5.5 Electrochemical Potentials 133
5.6 Charged Interfaces, Double Layers and Debye Lengths 134
5.7 Gibbs-Duhem Relation for Binary Oxides 135
5.8 Kinetic Considerations 138
5.9 Summary 142 Appendix 5A: Derivation of Eq. (5.27) 142 Additional Reading 145 Thermodynamic Data 145 6 Defects in Ceramics 147
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Point Defects 148
6.3 Linear Defects 176
6.4 Planar Defects 178
6.5 Summary 184 Additional Reading 187 7 Diffusion and Electrical Conductivity 189
7.1 Introduction 189
7.2 Diffusion 190
7.3 Electrical Conductivity 206
7.4 Ambipolar Diffusion 224
7.5 Relationships between Self-, Tracer, Chemical, Ambipolar and Defect Diffusion Coefficients 236
7.6 Summary 243 Appendix 7A: Relationship between Fick''s First Law and Eq. (7.30) 245 Appendix 7B: Effective Mass and Density of States 246 Appendix 7C: Derivation of Eq. (7.79) 248 Appendix 7D: Derivation of Eq. (7.92) 248 Additional Reading 255 Other References 255 8 Phase Equilibria 257
8.1 Introduction 257
8.2 Phase Rule 258
8.3 One-Component Systems 259
8.4 Binary Systems 262
8.5 Ternary Systems 270
8.6 Free-Energy Composition and Temperature Diagrams 271
8.7 Summary 276 Additional Reading 277 Phase Diagram Information 278 9 Formation, Structure and Properties of Glasses 279
9.1 Introduction 279
9.2 Glass Formation 280
9.3 Glass Structure 293
9.4 Glass Properties 295
9.5 Summary 309 Appendix 9A: Derivation of Eq. (9.7) 310 Additional Reading 313 Other References 314 10 Sintering and Grain Growth 315
10.1 Introduction 315
10.2 Solid-State Sintering 317
10.3 Solid-State Sintering Kinetics 327
10.4 Liquid-Phase Sintering 349
10.5 Hot Pressing and Hot Isostatic Pressing 355
10.6 Summary 359 Appendix 10A: Derivation of the Gibbs- Thompson Equation 360 Appendix 10B: Radii of Curvature 361 Appendix 10C: Derivation of Eq. (10.20) 362 Appendix 10D: Derivation of Eq. (10.22) 363 Additional Reading 367 Other References 368 11 Mechanical Properties: Fast Fracture 369
11.1 Introduction 369
11.2 Fracture Toughness 373
11.3 Atomistic Aspects of Fracture 383
11.4 Strength of Ceramics 385
11.5 Toughening Mechanisms 392
11.6 Designing with Ceramics 399
11.7 Summary 408 Additional Reading 413 12 Creep, Subcritical Crack Growth and Fatigue 415
12.1 Introduction 415
12.2 Creep 416
12.3 Subcritical Crack Growth 430
12.4 Fatigue of Ceramics 436
12.5 Lifetime Predictions 439
12.6 Summary 450 Appendix 12A: Derivation of Eq. (12.24) 451 Additional Reading 456 13 Thermal Properties 459
13.1 Introduction 459
13.2 Thermal Stresses 460
13.3 Thermal Shock 464
13.4 Spontaneous Microcracking of Ceramics 469
13.5 Thermal Tempering of Glass 472
13.6 Thermal Conductivity 473
13.7 Summary 479 Additional Reading 482 Other Resources 482 14 Linear Dielectric Properties 483
14.1 Introduction 483
14.2 Basic Theory 484
14.3 Equivalent Circuit Description of Linear Dielectrics 489
14.4 Polarization Mechanisms 494
14.5 Dielectric Loss 513
14.6 Dielectric Breakdown 514
14.7 Capacitors and Insulators 515
14.8 Summary 520 Appendix 14A: Local Electric Field 521 Additional Reading 527 15 Magnetic and Nonlinear Dielectric Properties 529
15.1 Introduction 529
15.2 Basic Theory 530
15.3 Microscopic Theory 536
15.4 Para-, Ferro-, Antiferro-, and Ferrimagnetism 540
15.5 Magnetic Domains and Hysteresis Curves 548
15.6 Magnetic Ceramics and Their Applications 552
15.7 Piezo- and Ferroelectric Ceramics 559
15.8 Summary 572 Appendix 15A: Orbital Magnetic Quantum Number 573 Additional Reading 576 16 Optical Properties 577
16.1 Introduction 577
16.2 Basic Principles 579
16.3 Absorption and Transmission 590
16.4 Scattering and Opacity 596
16.6 Summary 605 Appendix 16A: Coherence 606 Appendix 16B: Assumptions Made in Deriving Eq. (16.24) 606 Additional Reading 610 Index 611
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definition of Ceramics 2
1.3 Elementary Crystallography 3
1.4 Ceramic Microstructures 6
1.5 Traditional versus Advanced Ceramics 6
1.6 General Characteristics of Ceramics 7
1.7 Applications 7
1.8 The Future 9 Additional Reading 11 2 Bonding in Ceramics 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Structure of Atoms 14
2.3 Ionic versus Covalent Bonding 23
2.4 Ionic Bonding 23
2.5 Ionically Bonded Solids 28
2.6 Covalent Bond Formation 34
2.7 Covalently Bonded Solids 37
2.8 Band Theory of Solids 37
2.9 Summary 49 Appendix 2A: Kinetic Energy of Free Electrons 50 Additional Reading 52 Other References 53 3 Structure of Ceramics 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Ceramic Structures 57
3.3 Binary Ionic Compounds 62
3.4 Composite Crystal Structures 67
3.5 Structure of Covalent Ceramics 70
3.6 Structure of Layered Ceramics 70
3.7 Structure of Silicates 71
3.8 Lattice Parameters and Density 77
3.9 Summary 85 Appendix 3A 86 Additional Reading 92 Other References 92 4 Effect of Chemical Forces on Physical Properties 93
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Melting Points 94
4.3 Thermal Expansion 99
4.4 Young''s Modulus and the Strength of Perfect Solids 100
4.5 Surface Energy 106
4.6 Frequencies of Atomic Vibrations 108
4.7 Summary 113 Additional Reading 116 Multimedia References and Databases 116 5 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations 117
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Free Energy 118
5.3 Chemical Equilibrium and the Mass Action Expression 129
5.4 Chemical Stability Domains 130
5.5 Electrochemical Potentials 133
5.6 Charged Interfaces, Double Layers and Debye Lengths 134
5.7 Gibbs-Duhem Relation for Binary Oxides 135
5.8 Kinetic Considerations 138
5.9 Summary 142 Appendix 5A: Derivation of Eq. (5.27) 142 Additional Reading 145 Thermodynamic Data 145 6 Defects in Ceramics 147
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Point Defects 148
6.3 Linear Defects 176
6.4 Planar Defects 178
6.5 Summary 184 Additional Reading 187 7 Diffusion and Electrical Conductivity 189
7.1 Introduction 189
7.2 Diffusion 190
7.3 Electrical Conductivity 206
7.4 Ambipolar Diffusion 224
7.5 Relationships between Self-, Tracer, Chemical, Ambipolar and Defect Diffusion Coefficients 236
7.6 Summary 243 Appendix 7A: Relationship between Fick''s First Law and Eq. (7.30) 245 Appendix 7B: Effective Mass and Density of States 246 Appendix 7C: Derivation of Eq. (7.79) 248 Appendix 7D: Derivation of Eq. (7.92) 248 Additional Reading 255 Other References 255 8 Phase Equilibria 257
8.1 Introduction 257
8.2 Phase Rule 258
8.3 One-Component Systems 259
8.4 Binary Systems 262
8.5 Ternary Systems 270
8.6 Free-Energy Composition and Temperature Diagrams 271
8.7 Summary 276 Additional Reading 277 Phase Diagram Information 278 9 Formation, Structure and Properties of Glasses 279
9.1 Introduction 279
9.2 Glass Formation 280
9.3 Glass Structure 293
9.4 Glass Properties 295
9.5 Summary 309 Appendix 9A: Derivation of Eq. (9.7) 310 Additional Reading 313 Other References 314 10 Sintering and Grain Growth 315
10.1 Introduction 315
10.2 Solid-State Sintering 317
10.3 Solid-State Sintering Kinetics 327
10.4 Liquid-Phase Sintering 349
10.5 Hot Pressing and Hot Isostatic Pressing 355
10.6 Summary 359 Appendix 10A: Derivation of the Gibbs- Thompson Equation 360 Appendix 10B: Radii of Curvature 361 Appendix 10C: Derivation of Eq. (10.20) 362 Appendix 10D: Derivation of Eq. (10.22) 363 Additional Reading 367 Other References 368 11 Mechanical Properties: Fast Fracture 369
11.1 Introduction 369
11.2 Fracture Toughness 373
11.3 Atomistic Aspects of Fracture 383
11.4 Strength of Ceramics 385
11.5 Toughening Mechanisms 392
11.6 Designing with Ceramics 399
11.7 Summary 408 Additional Reading 413 12 Creep, Subcritical Crack Growth and Fatigue 415
12.1 Introduction 415
12.2 Creep 416
12.3 Subcritical Crack Growth 430
12.4 Fatigue of Ceramics 436
12.5 Lifetime Predictions 439
12.6 Summary 450 Appendix 12A: Derivation of Eq. (12.24) 451 Additional Reading 456 13 Thermal Properties 459
13.1 Introduction 459
13.2 Thermal Stresses 460
13.3 Thermal Shock 464
13.4 Spontaneous Microcracking of Ceramics 469
13.5 Thermal Tempering of Glass 472
13.6 Thermal Conductivity 473
13.7 Summary 479 Additional Reading 482 Other Resources 482 14 Linear Dielectric Properties 483
14.1 Introduction 483
14.2 Basic Theory 484
14.3 Equivalent Circuit Description of Linear Dielectrics 489
14.4 Polarization Mechanisms 494
14.5 Dielectric Loss 513
14.6 Dielectric Breakdown 514
14.7 Capacitors and Insulators 515
14.8 Summary 520 Appendix 14A: Local Electric Field 521 Additional Reading 527 15 Magnetic and Nonlinear Dielectric Properties 529
15.1 Introduction 529
15.2 Basic Theory 530
15.3 Microscopic Theory 536
15.4 Para-, Ferro-, Antiferro-, and Ferrimagnetism 540
15.5 Magnetic Domains and Hysteresis Curves 548
15.6 Magnetic Ceramics and Their Applications 552
15.7 Piezo- and Ferroelectric Ceramics 559
15.8 Summary 572 Appendix 15A: Orbital Magnetic Quantum Number 573 Additional Reading 576 16 Optical Properties 577
16.1 Introduction 577
16.2 Basic Principles 579
16.3 Absorption and Transmission 590
16.4 Scattering and Opacity 596
16.6 Summary 605 Appendix 16A: Coherence 606 Appendix 16B: Assumptions Made in Deriving Eq. (16.24) 606 Additional Reading 610 Index 611
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