Hjem

1 Origins
1.
1 A Brief History of Radiation Discovery
1.
2 A Brief History of Radiation Detectors 2 Introduction to Nuclear Instrumentation
2.
1 Introduction
2.
2 The Detector
2.
3 Nuclear Instrumentation
2.
4 History of NIM Development
2.
5 NIM components
2.
6 CAMAC
2.
7 Nuclear Instruments other than NIM or CAMAC
2.
8 Cables and Connectors 3 Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics
3.
1 Modern Physics Concepts
3.
2 Highlights in the Evolution of Atomic Theory
3.
3 Development of the Modern Atom Model
3.
4 Quantum Mechanics
3.
5 The Fundamental Constituents of Ordinary Matter
3.
6 Nuclear Reactions
3.
7 Radioactivity 4 Radiation Interactions
4.
1 Introduction
4.
2 Indirectly Ionizing Radiation
4.
3 Scattering Interactions
4.
4 Photon Cross Sections
4.
5 Neutron Interactions
4.
6 Charged-Particle Interactions 5 Sources of Radiation
5.
2 Sources of Gamma Rays
5.
3 Sources of X Rays
5.
4 Sources of Neutrons
5.
5 Sources of Charged Particles
5.
6 Cosmic Rays 6 Probability and Statistics for Radiation Counting
6.
1 Introduction
6.
2 Probability and Cumulative Distribution Functions
6.
3 Mode, Mean and Median
6.
4 Variance and Standard Deviation of a PDF
6.
5 Probability Data Distributions
6.
6 Binomial Distribution
6.
6.
1 Radioactive Decay and the Binomial Distribution
6.
7 Poisson Distribution
6.
8 Gaussian or Normal Distribution
6.
9 Error Propagation
6.
10 Data Interpretation 7 Source and Detector Effects
7.
1 Detector Efficiency
7.
2 Source Effects
7.
3 Detector Effects
7.
4 Geometric Effects: View Factors
7.
5 Geometric Corrections: Detector Parallax Effects 8 Essential Electrostatics
8.
1 Electric Field
8.
2 Electrical Potential Energy
8.
3 Capacitance
8.
4 Current and Stored Energy
8.
5 Basics of Charge Induction
8.
6 Charge Induction for a Planar Detector
8.
7 Charge Induction for a Cylindrical Detector
8.
8 Charge Induction for Spherical and Hemispherical Detectors
8.
9 Concluding Remarks 9 Gas-Filled Detectors: Ion Chambers
9.
1 General Operation
9.
2 Electrons and Ions in Gas
9.
3 Recombination
9.
4 Ion Chamber Operation
9.
5 Ion Chamber Designs
9.
6 Summary 10 Gas-Filled Detectors: Proportional Counters
10.
1 Introduction
10.
2 General Operation
10.
3 Townsend Avalanche Multiplication
10.
4 Gas Dependence
10.
5 Proportional Counter Operation
10.
6 Selected Proportional Counter Variations 11 Gas-Filled Detectors: Geiger-M?uller Counters
11.
1 Geiger Discharge
11.
2 Basic Design
11.
3 Fill Gases
11.
4 Pulse Shape
11.
5 Radiation Measurements
11.
6 Special G-M Counter Designs
11.
7 Commercial G-M Counters 12 Review of Solid State Physics
12.
1 Introduction
12.
2 Solid State Physics
12.
3 Quantum Mechanics
12.
4 Semiconductor Physics
12.
5 Charge Transport
12.
6 Summary 13 Scintillation Detectors and Materials
13.
1 Scintillation Detectors
13.
2 Inorganic Scintillators
13.
3 Organic Scintillators
13.
4 Gaseous Scintillators 14 Light Collection Devices
14.
1 Photomultiplier Tubes
14.
2 Semiconductor Photodetectors 15 Basics of Semiconductor Detector Devices
15.
1 Introduction
15.
2 Charge Carrier Collection
15.
3 Basic Semiconductor Detector Configurations
15.
4 Measurements of Semiconductor Detector Properties
15.
5 Charge Induction 16 Semiconductor Devices
16.
1 Introduction
16.
2 General Semiconductor Properties
16.
3 Semiconductor Detector Applications
16.
4 Detectors Based on Group IV Materials
16.
5 Compound Semiconductor Detectors
16.
6 Additional Semiconductors of Interest
16.
7 Summary 17 Slow Neutron Detectors
17.
1 Cross Sections in the 1/v Region
17.
2 Slow Neutron Reactions Used for Neutron Detection
17.
3 Gas-Filled Slow Neutron Detectors
17.
4 Scintillator Slow Neutron Detectors
17.
5 Semiconductor Slow Neutron Detectors
17.
6 Neutron Diffraction
17.
7 Calibration of Slow Neutron Detectors
17.
8 Neutron Detection by Foil Activation
17.
9 Self Powered Neutron Detectors (SPND)
17.
10 Time-of-Flight Methods 18 Fast Neutron Detectors
18.
1 Detection Mechanisms
18.
2 Detectors Based on Moderation
18.
3 Detectors Based on Recoil Scattering
18.
4 Semiconductor Fast Neutron Detectors
18.
5 Detectors Based on Absorption Reactions
18.
6 Summary 19 Luminescent and Additional Detectors
19.
1 Luminescent Dosimeters
19.
2 Photographic Film
19.
3 Track Detectors
19.
4 Cryogenic Detectors
19.
5 Wavelength-Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS)
19.
6 Cerenkov (Cherenkov) Detectors 20 Radiation Measurements and Spectroscopy
20.
1 Introduction
20.
2 Basic Concepts
20.
3 Detector Response Models
20.
4 Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy
20.
5 Radiation Spectroscopy Measurements
20.
6 Factors Affecting Energy Resolution
20.
7 Experimental Design
20.
8 Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy--Summary
20.
9 Charged-Particle Spectroscopy 21 Mitigating Background
21.
1 Sources of Background Radiation
21.
2 Mitigation of the Radiation Background
21.
3 Self-Absorption of Photons
21.
4 Electronic Methods for Background Reduction 22 Nuclear Electronics
22.
1 Mathematical Transforms
22.
2 Pulse Shaping
22.
3 Components
22.
4 Timing
22.
5 Coincidence and Anti-Coincidence
22.
6 Instrumentation Standards
22.
7 Electronic Noise
22.
8 Coaxial Cables A Basic Atomic Data and Conversion Factors A.
1 Fundamental Physical Constants A.
2 The Periodic Table A.
3 Physical Properties and Abundances of Elements A.
4 SI Units A.
5 Internet Data Sources B Cross Sections and Related Data B.
1 Data Tables B.
1.
1 Thermal Neutron Interactions B.
1.
2 Photon Interactions