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About the Authors xiii Foreword xiv Preface xv Comments from Afar xvii
Part I Prologue 1 1 Definitions/Glossary of Terms 3
1.1 Glossary of Terms 3 References 19 2 The Air Pollution Problem 20
2.1 Early History 20
2.2 Sources and Classifications of Air Pollution 22
2.3 The Need for Control 22
2.4 Estimating Pollutant Emissions 23
2.5 Measurement Methods 24 References 25 3 Classifications, Sources, and Effects of Air Pollution 26
3.1 Sources of Air Pollutants 26
3.2 Atmospheric Air Pollutants 27
3.3 Airborne Particulates 28
3.4 Airborne Toxins 28
3.5 Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Deposition 28
3.6 Indoor Air Pollutants 28
3.7 Water and Land Pollutants 29
3.8 Effects of Air Pollution 30 References 31 4 Multimedia Concerns 32
4.1 Environmental Problems 33
4.2 The Multimedia Approach 33
4.3 Multimedia Application 34
4.4 Education and Training 35 References 36 5 Regulations 37
5.1 Early Air Pollution Legislation 37
5.2 Clean Air Act of 1970 38
5.3 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 40
5.4 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 43
5.5 Other Considerations 47 References 49 6 Environmental and Health Risk 50
6.1 Risk Variables and Categories 50
6.2 Risk Assessment 51
6.3 Health Risk Assessment/Analysis 52
6.4 Health Risk Assessments Components 53
6.5 Hazard Risk Assessment/Analysis 56
6.6 Risk Uncertainties/Limitations 57 References 58 7 Introduction to Air Pollution Control Equipment 59
7.1 Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulates 59
7.2 Air Pollution Control Equipment for Gaseous Pollutants 62
7.3 Hybrid Systems 64
7.4 Factors in Selecting and Comparing Equipment 66 References 66 8 Introduction to Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection 67
8.1 The Need for an Operation and Maintenance Program 67
8.2 System Description 68
8.3 Personnel 69
8.4 Installation Procedures 70
8.5 Operation 71
8.6 Maintenance and Inspection 71
8.7 Improving Operation and Performance 71
8.8 Special Tools and Equipment 72
8.9 Records 72 References 73
Part II Air Pollution Control Equipment 75 9 Absorbers 77
9.1 Description of Control Device 77
9.2 Design Considerations 78
9.3 Installation Procedures 79
9.4 Operation 81
9.5 Maintenance 83
9.6 Improving Operation and Performance 84
9.7 Recent Developments 85
9.8 Conclusions 86 References 86 10 Adsorbers 87
10.1 Description of Control Device 87
10.2 Design Considerations 88
10.3 Installation Procedures 90
10.4 Operation 92
10.5 Maintenance 97
10.6 Improving Operation and Performance 98
10.7 Monitoring 100
10.8 Recent Developments 101
10.9 Conclusions 101 References 102 11 Incinerators 103
11.1 Description of Control Devices 103
11.2 Design Considerations 105
11.3 Installation Procedures 105
11.4 Operation 106
11.5 Maintenance 108
11.6 Improving Operation and Performance 109
11.7 Recent Developments 109
11.8 Conclusions 109 References 110 12 Condensers 111
12.1 Description of Control Device 112
12.2 Design Considerations 113
12.3 Installation Procedures 114
12.4 Operation 115
12.5 Maintenance 115
12.6 Improving Operation and Performance 116
12.7 Recent Developments 117
12.8 Conclusions 117 References 118 13 Mechanical Collectors 119
13.1 Description of Control Device 120
13.2 Design Considerations 122
13.3 Installation Procedures 122
13.4 Operation 122
13.5 Maintenance 124
13.6 Improving Operation and Performance 125
13.7 Recent Advances 126
13.8 Conclusions 126 References 126 14 Wet Scrubbers 127
14.1 Description of Control Devices 128
14.2 Design Considerations 130
14.3 Installation Procedures 131
14.4 Operation 133
14.5 Maintenance 136
14.6 Improving Operation and Performance 138
14.7 Recent Developments 145
14.8 Conclusions 145 References 146 15 Electrostatic Precipitators 147
15.1 Description of Control Device 150
15.2 Design Considerations 152
15.3 Installation Procedures 153
15.4 Operation 154
15.5 Maintenance 162
15.6 Improving Operation and Performance 167
15.7 Recent Developments 171
15.8 Conclusions 172 References 173 16 Baghouses 174 Paul Farber
16.1 Description of Control Device 175
16.2 Cleaning Methods 177
16.3 Design Considerations 181
16.4 Installation Procedures 182
16.5 Operation 185
16.6 Startup and Shutdown 186
16.7 Improving Operation and Performance 192
16.8 Recent Advances 193
16.9 Conclusions 194 References 194 17 Hybrid Systems 195 Sean Dooley
17.1 Dry Scrubbers 196
17.2 Ionizing Wet Scrubber (IWS) 198
17.3 Wet Electrostatic Precipitators (WEPs) 200
17.4 Electrostatic Stimulation of Fabric Filtration 201
17.5 Recent Advances in Control Equipment Technology 202
17.6 Conclusion 202 References 202 18 Controlling the Oxides of Nitrogen 203
18.1 The Oxides of Nitrogen 203
18.2 No X Control Methods 206
18.3 Reducing No X Generation Via Pollution Prevention 207
18.4 Control of Flue Gas No X 210
18.5 Operation, Maintenance, Inspection, and Optimization Considerations 212
18.6 Conclusions 212 References 212 19 Carbon Capture and Storage 213
19.1 Properties of Carbon Dioxide 213
19.2 Global Carbon Cycle 214
19.3 The Greenhouse Effect 214
19.4 Effects of Global Warming/Climate Change 215
19.5 Carbon Dioxide Control Technologies 216
19.6 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 217
19.7 Final Editorial Thoughts (of One of the Authors) 218
19.8 Final Editorial Thoughts (of the Other Author) 218 References 219 20 Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems 221
20.1 Description of Control Device 221
20.2 Design Procedures 223
20.3 Installation Procedures 227
20.4 Operation 227
20.5 Startup 230
20.6 Maintenance 230
20.7 Improving Operation and Performance 231
20.8 Conclusions 231 References 232 21 Biofiltration 233
21.1 Description of Control Device 234
21.2 Design Considerations 235
21.3 Operation and Maintenance 237
21.4 Improving Operation and Performance 237
21.5 Conclusions 238 References 239 22 Stacks 240
22.1 Description of Control Device 240
22.2 Design Considerations 241
22.3 Sulfuric Acid Attack 251
22.4 Inspection and Repair of Liners 255
22.5 Recent Advances 258
22.6 Conclusions 259 References 259 23 Ventilation 261
23.1 Introduction to Industrial Ventilation Systems 261
23.2 Dilution Ventilation 262
23.3 Local Exhaust Systems 263
23.4 Selecting Ventilation Systems 264
23.5 Ventilation Models 264
23.6 Model Limitations 265 References 266
Part III Epilogue 267 24 Atmospheric Dispersion 269 Sarah Forster
24.1 The Nature of Dispersion 269
24.2 Meteorological Concerns 270
24.3 Plume Rise 271
24.4 Effective Stack Height 272
24.5 The Pasquill-Gifford Model 273
24.6 Types of Emission Sources 274
24.7 Choosing A Model 274
24.8 Conclusions 275 References 276 25 Control Equipment Cost Considerations 277
25.1 Capital Costs 277
25.2 Operating Costs 278
25.3 Hidden Economic Factors 279
25.4 Project Evaluation 280
25.5 Future Trends 280 References 281 26 Measurement Methods 282 Vincenza Imperiale
26.1 Source Sampling 283
26.2 Sampling Guidelines 283
26.3 Continuous Emission Monitoring 286
26.4 Opacity Measurements 287
26.5 Sampling Statistical Analysis 288
26.6 Maintenance 289
26.7 Conclusions 289 References 290 27 Optimization Considerations 291
27.1 The History of Optimization 291
27.2 Optimization Overview 292
27.3 The Scope of Optimization 292
27.4 General Analytical Formulation of Optimization Problems 293
27.5 Optimizing Performance 294
27.6 Recent Developments 296
27.7 Conclusions 296 References 297 28 Factors in Pollution Control Equipment Selection 298
28.1 Environmental, Engineering, and Economic Factors 298
28.2 Comparing Control Equipment Alternatives 299
28.3 Equipment and Material Specifications 302
28.4 Instrumentation and Controls 303
28.5 Equipment Fabrication 304
28.6 Installation Procedures 304
28.7 Equipment Purchasing Guidelines 304
28.8 Future Trends 306 References 306 29 Control Equipment for Specific Industries 307 Emma Parente
29.1 Continue Techniques Applicable to Specific Sources 307
29.2 Control Techniques Applicable to Other Sources 313 Reference 313 Index 314