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About the Authors xi Preface xiii About the Companion Website xv 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Pavement Types 1
1.2 Pavement Infrastructure Overview 5
1.3 Significance of Pavement Infrastructure to the National Economy 6
1.4 Funding Pavements 6
1.5 Engineering Pavements 10
1.6 Book Organization 11 References 12 Problems 13 2 Pavement Traffic Loading 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Summarizing Traffic Data for Pavement Design 31
2.3 Load Limits and Enforcement 41 References 45 Problems 46 3 Characterization of Pavement Subgrades and Bases 49
3.1 Mechanical Behavior 49
3.2 Resilient Response 51
3.3 Plastic Response 67
3.4 Aggregate Layer Indices 69
3.5 Aggregate and Soil Stabilization 75 References 77 Problems 80 4 Aggregates 83
4.1 Aggregate Types and Classifications 83
4.2 Physical Properties 86
4.3 Chemical Properties 106
4.4 Mechanical Properties 108 References 113 Problems 114 5 Asphalt Materials 117
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Chemical Composition of Asphalt Binders 118
5.3 Introduction to Rheology and Viscoelasticity 122
5.4 Asphalt Binder Properties 132
5.5 Asphalt Grades 142
5.6 Temperature Susceptibility 154
5.7 Asphalt Binder Modification 154
5.8 Asphalt Mixture Volumetric Analysis 155
5.9 Asphalt Mixture Properties 159 References 172 Problems 176 6 Concrete Materials 179
6.1 Cementitious Materials 179
6.2 Hydration 180
6.3 Chemical Admixtures 185
6.4 Properties of Cement, Paste, and Mortar 185
6.5 Properties of Portland Cement Concrete 187 References 196 Problems 197 7 Flexible Pavement Analysis 199
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Single-Layer Linear Elastic Solutions 200
7.3 Two-Layer Linear Elastic Solutions 205
7.4 Multilayer Linear Elastic Solutions 208
7.5 Axisymmetric Viscoelastic Solutions 212
7.6 Finite-Layer Viscoelastic Solutions 217
7.7 In Summary 221 References 221 Problems 223 8 Rigid Pavement Analysis 225
8.1 Introduction 225
8.2 Overview of the Elastic Theory on Plates 229
8.3 Environment-Induced Stresses 231
8.4 Load-Induced Stresses 240
8.5 Finite Element Method Solutions 251 References 263 Problems 264 9 Pavement Evaluation 269
9.1 Introduction 270
9.2 Serviceability 270
9.3 Structural Capacity 298
9.4 Surface Distress 324
9.5 Summarizing Pavement Distresses into an Index 331
9.6 Safety 338 References 344 Problems 349 10 Environmental Effects on Pavements 353
10.1 Water in Pavements 353
10.2 Heat in Pavements 372
10.3 In Summary 384 References 384 Problems 387 11 Structural Design of Flexible Pavements 389
11.1 AASHTO 1993 Design Method 389
11.2 Asphalt Institute Design Method 401
11.3 AASHTO 2020 Design Method 404
11.4 Summary 423 References 423 Problems 426 12 Structural Design of Rigid Pavements 429
12.1 Introduction 429
12.2 AASHTO 1993 Design Method 430
12.3 PCA Design Method 440
12.4 AASHTO 2020 Design Method 449
12.5 Summary 467 References 467 Problems 468 13 Pavement Rehabilitation 473
13.1 Introduction 474
13.2 AASHTO 1993 Flexible Pavement Overlay Design 477
13.3 Asphalt Institute Flexible Pavement Overlay Design 482
13.4 AASHTO 1993 Rigid Pavement Overlay Design 482
13.5 AASHTO 2020 Overlay Design Method 487 References 491 Problems 492 14 Economic Analysis of Pavements 495
14.1 Introduction 495
14.2 Benefit/Cost Ratio Method 497
14.3 Cost Components in Pavement LCCA 500
14.4 Agency Costs 500
14.5 Vehicle Operating Costs 503
14.6 Non-Vehicle Operating Costs 522 References 533 Problems 537 A A Primer of Linear Viscoelasticity 541 A.1 LVE Models in the Time Domain 541 A.2 LVE Models in the Frequency Domain 547 A.3 Fitting LVE Models to Experimental Data 550 B MEPD User''s Manual 557 Preface 557 List of Abbreviations 557 B.1 MEPD Software Overview 559 B.2 General Information Inputs 571 B.3 Performance Criteria and Reliability Inputs 573 B.4 Material Inputs 575 B.5 Existing Pavement Condition Inputs 589 B.6 Traffic Inputs 594 B.7 Running MEPD and Interpreting the Results 606 References 608 C MEPD Design Examples 611 Index 625