Hjem

1 Matter and Measurement

1.1 Chemistry and the Scientific Method
1.2 Describing Matter
1.3 Units of Measurement
1.4 The Quality of Measurements
1.5 Unit Conversion

2 Atoms

2.1 Atoms: The Essential Building Blocks
2.2 The Periodic Table of the Elements
2.3 Uncovering Atomic Structure
2.4 Describing Atoms: Identity and Mass
2.5 Atoms in Compounds: Formula Mass and Percent Composition
2.6 The Mole Concept

3 From Elements to Compounds

3.1 Ions
3.2 Ionic Bonds and Compounds
3.3 Covalent Bonding
3.4 How Ionic and Covalent Compounds Differ
3.5 Techniques for Finding Chemical Formulas

4 Chemical Reactions

4.1 Chemical Equations
4.2 Classifying Reactions
4.3 Describing Aqueous Reactions: Molecular and Ionic Equations
4.4 Solubility and Precipitation Reactions
4.5 Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions
4.6 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Aqueous Solution

5 Stoichiometry

5.1 A Review of the Mole Concept
5.2 The Mole Concept in Balanced Equations
5.3 Calculations with Limiting Reagents
5.4 Molarity and Solution Stoichiometry
5.5 Theoretical and Percent Yield

6 Energy

6.1 Energy, Work, and Heat
6.2 Heat and Temperature
6.3 Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions
6.4 State Functions

7 Quantum Mechanics and Electronic Structure

7.1 Light, Energy, and the Bohr Model
7.2 The Wave Nature of Matter
7.3 Electronic Structure: The Quantum Model
7.4 Describing Electron Configurations
7.5 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
7.6 Periodic Properties of the Elements

8 Molecular Structure and Bond Energy

8.1 Covalent Bonding and the Octet Rule
8.2 Drawing Lewis Structures
8.3 Resonance
8.4 Simplified Structures for Large Molecules
8.5 Energy and Covalent Bonds
8.6 Energy and Ionic Bonds

9 Molecular Shape, Polarity, and Advanced Bonding Models

9.1 Shapes of Molecules
9.2 Polar Bonds and Molecules
9.3 The Valence Overlap Model and Hybridization
9.4 Molecular Orbital Theory

10 Gases

10.1 Describing Gases
10.2 The Gas Laws
10.3 Molar Mass and Gas Density
10.4 Mixtures of Gases
10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
10.6 Gas Stoichiometry
10.7 Real Gases

11 Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids

11.1 Intermolecular Forces
11.2 Mixtures and Solubility
11.3 Phase Changes
11.4 Classifying Liquids and Solids
11.5 Solid-State Structures

12 Solutions

12.1 Describing Concentration
12.2 Factors that Affect Solubility
12.3 Determining Ion Concentration
12.4 Colligative Properties
12.5 Vapor Pressures of Solutions

13 Kinetics

13.1 Reaction Rates
13.2 The Rate Laws
13.3 The Integrated Rate Laws
13.4 Half-Life and Radioactive Decay
13.5 Rates and Reaction Mechanisms
13.6 Energy and Reaction Rates
13.7 Catalysts

14 Equilibrium

14.1 Dynamic Equilibrium
14.2 Equilibria involving Solvents, Pure Liquids, and Solids
14.3 Gas Equilibria: Kp
14.4 Relating Different Equilibrium Reactions
14.5 Using Equilibrium Expressions to Predict Change
14.6 Le Chatelier's Principle

15 Acids and Bases

15.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases
15.2 Acid-Base Equilibrium Reactions
15.3 Reactions Involving Acids and Bases
15.4 Autoionization and the pH Scale
15.5 Calculating pH for Aqueous Solutions
15.6 Properties of Acid-Base Conjugate Pairs
15.7 How Structure Affects Acid and Base Strength
15.8 Measuring Acid and Base Concentration

16 Buffers and Titration

16.1 Buffers
16.2 Buffer Solutions and pH
16.3 Calculating pH Changes in Buffer Solutions: FiRE and ICE
16.4 Preparing and Using Buffer Solutions
16.5 Titration and pH Changes
16.6 The Lewis Acid/Base Model and Coordination Complexes

17 Thermodynamics

17.1 Energy and Spontaneity
17.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
17.3 Entropy in Chemical Systems
17.4 Gibbs Free Energy
17.5 Calculating ?G under different conditions
17.6 Free Energy and Equilibrium

18 Electrochemistry

18.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
18.2 Balancing Redox Reactions
18.3 Voltaic Cells
18.4 Cell Potentials, Spontaneity, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
18.5 Applications of Electrochemistry

19 Nuclear Chemistry

19.1 Nuclear Changes
19.2 Radioactivity
19.3 Working with Radiation
19.4 Uses of Radioactive Nuclides
19.5 Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions
19.6 Nuclear Power: Fission and Fusion

20 Metals, Metalloids, and Modern Materials

20.1 Metallurgy
20.2 Properties of Metals
20.3 Coordination Complexes
20.4 Properties of Coordination Complexes
20.5 Metals, Metalloids, and Electrical Conductivity
20.6 Materials Science

21 Organic Chemistry and Biomolecules

21.1 Organic Chemistry and the Carbon Cycle
21.2 Organic Structures
21.3 Major Functional Groups
21.4 Classes of Organic Reactions
21.5 Polymers and Plastics
21.6 Biomolecules: An Introduction

22 Chemical Analysis

22.1 Preparing Samples for Analysis
22.2 Interpreting Data: An Introduction to Statistics
22.3 Chromatography: Separating Mixtures
22.4 Spectroscopy
22.5 Methods for Determining Structure