Hjem

1 Review of Electromagnetic Theory 1
1.1 Introduction to Microwave Engineering 1 Applications of Microwave Engineering 2 A Short History of Microwave Engineering 6 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Interference 6
1.2 Maxwell''s Equations 7
1.3 Fields in Media and Boundary Conditions 11 Fields at a General Material Interface 13 Fields at a Dielectric Interface 14 Fields at the Interface with a Perfect Conductor (Electric Wall) 14 The Magnetic Wall Boundary Condition 15 The Radiation Condition 15
1.4 The Wave Equation and Basic Plane Wave Solutions 15 The Helmholtz Equation 15 Plane Waves in a Lossless Medium 16 Plane Waves in a General Lossy Medium 17 Plane Waves in a Good Conductor 18
1.5 General Plane Wave Solutions 20 Circularly Polarized Plane Waves 23
1.6 Energy and Power 24 Power Absorbed by a Good Conductor 25
1.7 Plane Wave Reflection from a Media Interface 27 General Medium 27 Lossless Medium 28 Good Conductor 30 Perfect Conductor 31 The Surface Impedance Concept 31
1.8 Oblique Incidence at a Dielectric Interface 33 Parallel Polarization 34 Perpendicular Polarization 35 Total Reflection and Surface Waves 37
1.9 Some Useful Theorems 38 The Reciprocity Theorem 38 Image Theory 39 2 Transmission Line Theory 47
2.1 The Lumped-Element Circuit Model for a Transmission Line 47 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line 48 The Lossless Line 49
2.2 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines 50 Transmission Line Parameters 50 The Telegrapher Equations Derived from Field Analysis of a Coaxial Line 52 Propagation Constant, Impedance, and Power Flow for the Lossless Coaxial Line 53
2.3 The Terminated Lossless Transmission Line 54 Special Cases of Lossless Terminated Lines 57
2.4 The Smith Chart 60 The Combined Impedance-Admittance Smith Chart 63 The Slotted Line 65 Online Smith Chart 68
2.5 Generator and Load Mismatches 68 Load Matched to Line 70 Generator Matched to Loaded Line 70 Conjugate Matching 70
2.6 Lossy Transmission Lines 72 The Low-Loss Line 72 The Distortionless Line 73 The Terminated Lossy Line 74 The Perturbation Method for Calculating Attenuation 74 The Wheeler Incremental Inductance Rule 76
2.7 Transients on Transmission Lines 78 Reflection of Pulses from a Terminated Transmission Line 78 Bounce Diagrams for Transient Propagation 80 3 Transmission Lines and Waveguides 87
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves 88 TEM Waves 89 Impossibility of TEM Mode 91 TE Waves 91 TM Waves 92 Attenuation Due to Dielectric Loss 92
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide 93 TEM Modes 93 TM Modes 95 TE Modes 98
3.3 Rectangular Waveguide 101 TE Modes 101 TM Modes 105 TE m 0 Modes of a Partially Loaded Waveguide 109
3.4 Circular Waveguide 112 TE Modes 113 TM Modes 116
3.5 Coaxial Line 121 TEM Modes 121 Higher Order Modes 122
3.6 Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Sheet 125 TM Modes 125 TE Modes 127
3.7 Stripline 130 Formulas for Propagation Constant, Characteristic Impedance, and Attenuation 132 An Approximate Electrostatic Solution 134
3.8 Microstrip Line 136 Formulas for Effective Dielectric Constant, Characteristic Impedance, and Attenuation 137 Frequency-Dependent Effects and Higher Order Modes 139
3.9 The Transverse Resonance Technique 141 TE0 n Modes of a Partially Loaded Rectangular Waveguide 142
3.10 Wave Velocities and Dispersion 143 Group Velocity 143
3.11 Summary of Transmission Lines and Waveguides 145 Other Types of Lines and Guides 146 4 Microwave Network Analysis 153
4.1 Impedance and Equivalent Voltages and Currents 154 Equivalent Voltages and Currents 154 The Concept of Impedance 157 Even and Odd Properties of Z ( ) and Î?( ) 159
4.2 Impedance and Admittance Matrices 160 Reciprocal Networks 162 Lossless Networks 163
4.3 The Scattering Matrix 164 Reciprocal Networks and Lossless Networks 167 A Shift in Reference Planes 169 Power Waves and Generalized Scattering Parameters 171
4.4 The Transmission (ABCD) Matrix 174 Relation to Impedance Matrix 175 Equivalent Circuits for Two-Port Networks 177
4.5 Signal Flow Graphs 177 Decomposition of Signal Flow Graphs 180 Application to Thru-Reflect-Line Network Analyzer Calibration 183
4.6 Discontinuities and Modal Analysis 187 Modal Analysis of an H -Plane Step in Rectangular Waveguide 187
4.7 Excitation of Waveguides--Electric and Magnetic Currents 193 Current Sheets That Excite Only One Waveguide Mode 193 Mode Excitation from an Arbitrary Electric or Magnetic Current Source 195 5 Impedance Matching and Tuning 204
5.1 Matching with Lumped Elements ( L Networks) 205 Analytical Solutions 205 Smith Chart Solutions 206
5.2 Single-Stub Tuning 209 Shunt Stubs 210 Series Stubs 213
5.3 Double-Stub Tuning 216 Smith Chart Solution 216 Analytical Solution 219
5.4 The Quarter-Wave Transformer 220 The Impedance Viewpoint 220 The Multiple-Reflection Viewpoint 222 Impedance Matching of the Quarter-Wave Transformer 223
5.5 The Theory of Small Reflections 226 Single-Section Transformer 226 Multisection Transformer 228
5.6 Binomial Multisection Matching Transformers 228
5.7 Chebyshev Multisection Matching Transformers 232 Chebyshev Polynomials 232 Design of Chebyshev Transformers 233
5.8 Tapered Lines 236 Exponential Taper 237 Triangular Taper 238 Klopfenstein Taper 238 6 Microwave Resonators 244
6.1 Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 244 Series Resonant Circuit 244 Parallel Resonant Circuit 247 Loaded and Unloaded Q 249
6.2 Transmission Line Resonators 249 Short-Circuited 2 Line 250 Short-Circuited 4 Line 252 Open-Circuited 2 Line 252
6.3 Rectangular Waveguide Cavity Resonators 254 Resonant Frequencies 254 Unloaded Q of the TE10 Mode 256
6.4 Circular Waveguide Cavity Resonators 258 Resonant Frequencies 258 Unloaded Q of the TE nm Mode 260
6.5 Dielectric Resonators 263 Resonant Frequencies of TE01 Mode 263
6.6 Excitation of Resonators 266 The Coupling Coefficient and Critical Coupling 266 A Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator 268 7 Power Dividers and Directional Couplers 275
7.1 Basic Properties of Dividers and Couplers 275 Three-Port Networks (T-Junctions) 275 Four-Port Networks (Directional Couplers) 278
7.2 The T-Junction Power Divider 282 Lossless Divider 282 Resistive Divider 284
7.3 The Wilkinson Power Divider 285 Even-Odd Mode Analysis 285 Unequal Power Division and N -Way Wilkinson Dividers 288
7.4 Waveguide Directional Couplers 290 Bethe Hole Coupler 290 Design of Multihole Couplers 294
7.5 The Quadrature (90 ) Hybrid 298 Even-Odd Mode Analysis 299
7.6 Coupled Line Directional Couplers 302 Coupled Line Theory 302 Design of Coupled Line Couplers 306 Design of Multisection Coupled Line Couplers 310
7.7 The Lange Coupler 313
7.8 The 180 Hybrid 316 Even-Odd Mode Analysis of the Ring Hybrid 318 Even-Odd Mode Analysis of the Tapered Coupled Line Hybrid 321 Waveguide Magic-T 324
7.9 Other Couplers 325 8 Microwave Filters 333
8.1 Periodic Structures 334 Analysis of Infinite Periodic Structures 334 Terminated Periodic Structures 336 k - Diagrams and Wave Velocities 337
8.2 Filter Design by the Image Parameter Method 340 Image Impedances and Transfer Functions for Two-Port Networks 340 Constant- k Filter Sections 342 m -Derived Filter Sections 344 Composite Filters 347
8.3 Filter Design by the Insertion Loss Method 349 Characterization by Power Loss Ratio 350 Maximally Flat Low-Pass Filter Prototype 352 Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototype 355 Linear Phase Low-Pass Filter Prototypes 355
8.4 Filter Transformations 355 Impedance and Frequency Scaling 356 Bandpass and Bandstop Transformations 361
8.5 Filter Implementation 364 Richards'' Transformation 364 Kuroda''s Identities 364 Impedance and Admittance Inverters 369
8.6 Stepped-Impedance Low-Pass Filters 370 Approximate Equivalent Circuits for Short Transmission Line Sections 370 Comparison of R