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Preface to Fourth Edition xv 1 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 1
1.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission 2
1.1.1 Classic Circuit Switching 2
1.1.2 Virtual Circuit Switching over IP 3
1.2 Standards 4
1.3 Transmission Speeds 5
1.4 The Signaling System Number 7 6
1.4.1 The Classic SS-7 Protocol Stack 7
1.4.2 SS-7 Protocols for GSM 10
1.4.3 IP-Based SS-7 Protocol Stack 11
1.5 The GSM Subsystems 12
1.6 The Network Subsystem 12
1.6.1 The Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Server, and Gateway 13
1.6.2 The Visitor Location Register (VLR) 16
1.6.3 The Home Location Register (HLR) 17
1.6.4 The Authentication Center 21
1.6.5 The Short Messaging Service Center (SMSC) 23
1.7 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Voice Processing 24
1.7.1 Frequency Bands 24
1.7.2 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 26
1.7.3 The GSM Air Interface 28
1.7.4 The Base Station Controller (BSC) 35
1.7.5 The TRAU for Voice Encoding 39
1.7.6 Channel Coder and Interleaver in the BTS 43
1.7.7 Ciphering in the BTS and Security Aspects 45
1.7.8 Modulation 48
1.7.9 Voice Activity Detection 48
1.8 Mobility Management and Call Control 50
1.8.1 Cell Reselection and Location Area Update 50
1.8.2 The Mobile-Terminated Call 51
1.8.3 Handover Scenarios 54
1.9 The Mobile Device 56
1.10 The SIM Card 58
1.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL 63 Questions 65 References 66 2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and EDGE 69
2.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission over GSM 69
2.2 Packet-Switched Data Transmission over GPRS 70
2.3 The GPRS Air Interface 72
2.3.1 GPRS vs. GSM Timeslot Usage on the Air Interface 72
2.3.2 Mixed GSM/GPRS Timeslot Usage in a Base Station 74
2.3.3 Coding Schemes 75
2.3.4 Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 76
2.3.5 Mobile Device Classes 79
2.3.6 Network Mode of Operation 80
2.3.7 GPRS Logical Channels on the Air Interface 81
2.4 The GPRS State Model 84
2.5 GPRS Network Elements 87
2.5.1 The Packet Control Unit (PCU) 87
2.5.2 The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 88
2.5.3 The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 90
2.6 GPRS Radio Resource Management 91
2.7 GPRS Interfaces 95
2.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM) 99
2.8.1 Mobility Management Tasks 100
2.8.2 GPRS Session Management 103 Questions 105 References 106 3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) 107
3.1 Overview 107
3.1.1 3GPP Release
99: The First UMTS Access Network Implementation 108
3.1.2 3GPP Release
4: Enhancements for the Circuit-Switched Core Network 111
3.1.3 3GPP Release
5: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 111
3.1.4 3GPP Release
6: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 112
3.1.5 3GPP Release
7: Even Faster HSPA and Continued Packet Connectivity 113
3.1.6 3GPP Release
8: LTE, Further HSPA Enhancements and Femtocells 113
3.2 Important New Concepts of UMTS 114
3.2.1 The Radio Access Bearer (RAB) 114
3.2.2 The Access Stratum and Non-Access Stratum 115
3.2.3 Common Transport Protocols for CS and PS 116
3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 116
3.3.1 Spreading Factor, Chip Rate, and Process Gain 119
3.3.2 The OVSF Code Tree 120
3.3.3 Scrambling in Uplink and Downlink Direction 122
3.3.4 UMTS Frequency and Cell Planning 123
3.3.5 The Near-Far Effect and Cell Breathing 124
3.3.6 Advantages of the UMTS Radio Network Compared to GSM 126
3.4 UMTS Channel Structure on the Air Interface 128
3.4.1 User Plane and Control Plane 128
3.4.2 Common and Dedicated Channels 128
3.4.3 Logical, Transport, and Physical Channels 129
3.4.4 Example: Network Search 133
3.4.5 Example: Initial Network Access Procedure 135
3.4.6 The Uu Protocol Stack 137
3.5 The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 142
3.5.1 Node-B, Iub Interface, NBAP, and FP 142
3.5.2 The RNC, Iu, Iub and Iur Interfaces, RANAP, and RNSAP 143
3.5.3 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) NB and WB Codecs for Voice Calls 148
3.5.4 Radio Resource Control (RRC) States 150
3.6 Core Network Mobility Management 155
3.7 Radio Network Mobility Management 156
3.7.1 Mobility Management in the Cell-DCH State 156
3.7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 165
3.7.3 Mobility Management in Other States 166
3.8 UMTS CS and PS Call Establishment 168
3.9 UMTS Security 172
3.10 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and HSPA+ 174
3.10.1 HSDPA Channels 174
3.10.2 Shorter Delay Times and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) 176
3.10.3 Node-B Scheduling 178
3.10.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding, Transmission Rates, and Multicarrier Operation 179
3.10.5 Establishment and Release of an HSDPA Connection 181
3.10.6 HSDPA Mobility Management 182
3.11 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 183
3.11.1 E-DCH Channel Structure 184
3.11.2 The E-DCH Protocol Stack and Functionality 187
3.11.3 E-DCH Scheduling 189
3.11.4 E-DCH Mobility 191
3.11.5 E-DCH-Capable Devices 192
3.12 Radio and Core Network Enhancements: CPC 193
3.12.1 A New Uplink Control Channel Slot Format 193
3.12.2 Reporting Reduction 194
3.12.3 HS-SCCH Discontinuous Reception 195
3.12.4 HS-SCCH-less Operation 195
3.12.5 Enhanced Cell-FACH and Cell/URA-PCH States 196
3.13 Radio Resource State Management 197
3.14 Automated Emergency Calls (eCall) from Vehicles 198 Questions 199 References 200 4 Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced Pro 203
4.1 Introduction and Overview 203
4.2 Network Architecture and Interfaces 206
4.2.1 LTE Mobile Devices and the LTE Uu Interface 207
4.2.2 The eNB and the S1 and X2 Interfaces 210
4.2.3 The Mobility Management Entity (MME) 213
4.2.4 The Serving Gateway (S-GW) 215
4.2.5 The PDN-Gateway 215
4.2.6 The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 217
4.2.7 Billing, Prepaid, and Quality of Service 218
4.3 FDD Air Interface and Radio Network 219
4.3.1 OFDMA for Downlink Transmission 220
4.3.2 SC-FDMA for Uplink Transmission 222
4.3.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation for Subchannels 223
4.3.4 Symbols, Slots, Radio Blocks, and Frames 225
4.3.5 Reference and Synchronization Signals 226
4.3.6 The LTE Channel Model in the Downlink Direction 227
4.3.7 Downlink Management Channels 228
4.3.8 System Information Messages 229
4.3.9 The LTE Channel Model in the Uplink Direction 230
4.3.10 MIMO Transmission 233
4.3.11 HARQ and Other Retransmission Mechanisms 236
4.3.12 PDCP Compression and Ciphering 238
4.3.13 Protocol Layer Overview 239
4.4 TD-LTE Air Interface 240
4.5 Scheduling 242
4.5.1 Downlink Scheduling 242
4.5.2 Uplink Scheduling 246
4.6 Basic Procedures 247
4.6.1 Cell Search 247
4.6.2 Attach and Default Bearer Activation 250
4.6.3 Handover Scenarios 254
4.6.4 Default and Dedicated Bearers 259
4.7 Mobility Management and Power Optimization 260
4.7.1 Mobility Management in RRC Connected State 260
4.7.2 Mobility Management in RRC Idle State 263
4.7.3 Mobility Management and State Changes in Practice 265
4.8 LTE Security Architecture 267
4.9 Interconnection with UMTS and GSM 268
4.9.1 Cell Reselection between LTE and GSM/UMTS 268
4.9.2 RRC Connection Release with Redirect from LTE to GSM/UMTS 270
4.9.3 Handover from LTE to UMTS 271
4.9.4 Returning from UMTS and GPRS to LTE 271
4.10 Carrier Aggregation 272
4.10.1 CA Types, Bandwidth Classes, and Band Combinations 273
4.10.2 CA Configuration, Activation, and Deactivation 275
4.10.3 Uplink Carrier Aggregation 278
4.11 Network Planning Aspects 279
4.11.1 Single Frequency Network 279
4.11.2 Cell-Edge Performance 279
4.11.3 Self-Organizing Network Functionality 281
4.11.4 Cell Site Throughput and Number of Simultaneous Users 282
4.12 CS-Fallback for Voice and SMS Services with LTE 283
4.12.1 SMS over SGs 284
4.12.2 CS-Fallback for Voice Calls 285
4.13 Network Sharing - MOCN and MORAN 288
4.13.1 National Roaming 288
4.13.2 MOCN (Multi-Operator Core Network) 289
4.13.3 MORAN (Mobile Operator Radio Access Network) 290
4.14 From Dipoles to Active Antennas and Gigabit Backhaul 290
4.15 IPv6 in Mobile Networks 292
4.15.1 IPv6 Prefix and Interface Identifiers 293
4.15.2 IPv6 and International Roaming 295
4.15.3 IPv6 and Tethering 296
4.15.4 IPv6-Only Connectivity 297
4.16 Network Function Virtualization 298
4.16.1 Virtualization on the Desktop 299
4.16.2 Running an Operating System in a Virtual Machine 299
4.16.3 Running Several Virtual Machines Simultaneously 300
4.16.4 Virtual Machine Snapshots 300
4.16.5 Cloning a Virtual Machine 301
4.16.6 Virtualization in Data Centers in the Cloud 302
4.16.7 Managing Virtual Machines in the Cloud 303
4.16.8 Network Function Virtualization 303
4.16.9 Virtualizing Routers 305
4.16.10 Software-Defined Networking 305
4.17 Machine Type Communication and the Internet of Things 306
4.17.1 LTE Cat-1 Devices 307
4.17.2 LTE Cat