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Introduction xxiii
Chapter 1 Understanding Cloud Characteristics 1 Basic Terms and Characteristics 2 Elasticity 2 On-Demand Self-service/JIT 3 Templating 4 Pay as You Grow 6 Pay-as-You-Grow Theory vs. Practice 7 Chargeback 8 Ubiquitous Access 9 Metering Resource Pooling 10 Multitenancy 11 Cloud Bursting 13 Rapid Deployment 14 Object Storage Concepts 16 File-Based Data Storage 16 Object Storage 18 Structured vs. Unstructured Data 18 REST APIs 19 Summary 25
Chapter Essentials 26
Chapter 2 To Grasp the Cloud--Fundamental Concepts 27 The True Nature of the Cloud 28 Elastic 29 Massive 29 On Demand 29 Virtualized 30 Secure 30 Always Available 30 Virtualization and Scalability 31 The True Definer of Cloud Computing 32 Serving the Whole World 32 The Cloud Hypervisor 33 Type 1 and Type 2 33 Use Cases and Examples 34 Benefits of Hypervisors 35 Hypervisor Security Concerns 35 Proprietary vs. Open Source 36 Moore''s Law, Increasing Performance, and Decreasing Enterprise Usage 36 Xen Cloud Platform (Open Source) 37 KVM (Open Source) 38 OpenVZ (Open Source) 38 VirtualBox (Open Source) 39 Citrix XenServer (Proprietary) 39 VMware vSphere/ESXi (Proprietary) 39 Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V 41 Consumer vs. Enterprise Use 41 Workstation vs. Infrastructure 43 Key Benefits of Implementing Hypervisors 46 Shared Resources 46 Elasticity 46 Network and Application Isolation 47 Foundations of Cloud Computing 48 Infrastructure 48 Platform 49 Applications 50 Enabling Services 50 Summary 50
Chapter Essentials 51
Chapter 3 Within the Cloud: Technical Concepts of Cloud Computing 53 Technical Basics of Cloud and Scalable Computing 54 Defining a Data Center 55 Traditional vs. Cloud Hardware 62 Determining Cloud Data Center Hardware and Infrastructure 65 Optimization and the Bottom Line 70 The Cloud Infrastructure 78 Open Source 79 Proprietary 84 Summary 85
Chapter Essentials 86
Chapter 4 Cloud Management 87 Understanding Cloud Management Platforms 88 What It Means for Service Providers 90 Planning Your Cloud 90 Building Your Cloud 94 Running Your Cloud 95 What This Means for Customers 95 Service-Level Agreements 97 Policies and Procedures 97 Planning the Documentation of the Network and IP 98 Implementing Change Management Best Practices 100 Managing the Configuration 105 Managing Cloud Workloads 111 Managing Workloads Right on the Cloud 111 Managing Risk 112 Securing Data in the Cloud 113 Managing Devices 114 Virtualizing the Desktop 115 Enterprise Cloud Solution 116 Summary 116
Chapter Essentials 119
Chapter 5 Diagnosis and Performance Monitoring 121 Performance Concepts 122 Input/Output Operations per Second (IOPS) 123 Read vs. Write Files 124 File System Performance 125 Metadata Performance 127 Caching 130 Bandwidth 131 Throughput: Bandwidth Aggregation 132 Jumbo Frames 134 Network Latency 135 Hop Counts 136 Quality of Service (QoS) 137 Multipathing 137 Load Balancing 138 Scaling: Vertical vs. Horizontal vs. Diagonal 138 Disk Performance 140 Access Time 140 Data Transfer Rate 142 Disk Tuning 143 Swap Disk Space 144 I/O Tuning 144 Performance Management and Monitoring Tools 146 Hypervisor Configuration Best Practices 149 Impact of Configuration Changes 151 Common Issues 152 Summary 153
Chapter Essentials 154
Chapter 6 Cloud Delivery and Hosting Models 157 Private 158 Full Private Cloud Deployment Model 158 Semi-private Cloud Deployment Model 159 Public 160 Hybrid 160 Community 161 On-Premises vs. Off-Premises Hosting 161 On-Premises Hosting 162 Off-Premises Hosting 162 Miscellaneous Factors to Consider When Choosing between On- or Off-Premises Hosting 163 Comparing Total Cost of Ownership 166 Accountability and Responsibility Based on Delivery Models 168 Private Cloud Accountability 168 Public Cloud Accountability 169 Responsibility for Service Impairments 170 Accountability Categories 170 Security Differences between Models 171 Multitenancy Issues 171 Data Segregation 173 Network Isolation 173 Functionality and Performance Validation 174 On-Premises Performance 174 Off-Premises Performance 174 Types of Testing 175 Orchestration Platforms 175 Summary 177
Chapter Essentials 178
Chapter 7 Practical Cloud Knowledge: Install, Configure, and Manage 181 Setting Up the Cloud 183 Creating, Importing, and Exporting Templates and Virtual Machines 183 Creating Virtual Machine Templates 184 Importing and Exporting Service Templates 186 Installing Guest Tools 188 Snapshots and Cloning 189 Image Backups vs. File Backups 193 Virtual Network Interface Card 195 Virtual Disks 198 Virtual Switches 199 Configuring Virtual Machines for Several VLANs 201 Virtual Storage Area Network 203 Virtual Resource Migration 204 Establishing Migration Requirements 204 Migrating Storage 206 Scheduling Maintenance 208 Reasons for Maintenance 208 Virtual Components of the Cloud 209 Virtual Network Components 209 Shared Memory 210 Virtual CPU 211 Storage Virtualization 211 Summary 214
Chapter Essentials 215
Chapter 8 Hardware Management 221 Cloud Hardware Resources 222 BIOS/Firmware Configurations 222 Minimum Memory Capacity and Configuration 223 Number of CPUs 223 Number of Cores 224 NIC Quantity, Speeds, and Configurations 225 Internal Hardware Compatibility 225 Storage Media 226 Proper Allocation of Hardware Resources (Host) 227 Proper Virtual Resource Allocation (Tenant/Client) 232 Management Differences between Public, Private, and Hybrid Clouds 234 Public Cloud Management 234 Private Cloud Management 235 Hybrid Cloud Management 236 Tiering 236 Performance Levels of Each Tier 237 Policies 238 RAID Levels 238 File Systems 239 Summary 241
Chapter Essentials 242
Chapter 9 Storage Provisioning and Networking 245 Cloud Storage Concepts 246 Object Storage 246 Metadata 247 Data/Blob 248 Extended Metadata 248 Replicas 248 Policies and Access Control 248 Understanding SAN and NAS 249 Cloud vs. SAN Storage 250 Cloud Storage 251 Advantages of Cloud Storage 252 Cloud Provisioning 252 Migrating Software Infrastructure to the Cloud 253 Cloud Provisioning Security Concerns 253 Storage Provisioning 255 Network Configurations 256 Network Optimization 259 Cloud Storage Technology 260 Data Replication 261 Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) 262 Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) 264 OpenStack Swift 266 Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) 266 Choosing from among These Technologies 277 Cloud Storage Gateway 278 Cloud Security and Privacy 280 Security, Privacy, and Attack Surface Area 280 Legal Issues (Jurisdiction and Data) 282 Supplier Lifetime (Vendor Lock-In) 283 Summary 284
Chapter Essentials 284
Chapter 10 Testing and Deployment: Quality Is King 287 Overview of Deployment Models 288 Private Cloud 288 Community Cloud 289 Public Cloud 289 Hybrid Cloud 290 Cloud Management Strategies 290 Private Cloud Strategies 291 Community Cloud Strategies 291 Public Cloud Strategies 292 Hybrid Cloud Strategies 292 Management Tools 293 Cloud Architecture 294 The Need for Cloud Architectures 294 Technical Benefits 295 Business Benefits 295 Cloud Deployment Options 296 Environment Provisioning 296 Deploying a Service to the Cloud 298 Deployment Testing and Monitoring 301 Creating and Deploying Cloud Services 304 Creating and Deploying a Cloud Service Using Windows Azure 305 Deploying and Managing a Scalable Web Service with Flume on Amazon EC2 309 Summary 321
Chapter Essentials 322
Chapter 11 Cloud Computing Standards and Security 323 Cloud Computing Standards 324 Why Do Standards Matter? 324 Current Ad Hoc Standards 325 Security Concepts and Tools 326 Security Threats and Attacks 326 Obfuscation 329 Access Control List 329 Virtual Private Network 330 Firewalls 330 Demilitarized Zone 333 Encryption Techniques 334 Public Key Infrastructure 335 Internet Protocol Security 336 Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security 336 Ciphers 337 Access Control Methods 338 Role-Based Access Control 338 Mandatory Access Control 338 Discretionary Access Control 339 Rule-Based Access Controls 339 Multifactor Authentication 339 Single Sign-On 339 F