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Viser: Aquaculture Engineering
Aquaculture Engineering
Odd-Ivar Lekang
(2013)
Sprog: Engelsk
John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
1.999,00 kr.
Denne bog er blevet erstattet af en nyere udgave.
Detaljer om varen
- 2. Udgave
- Hardback: 432 sider
- Udgiver: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated (April 2013)
- ISBN: 9780470670859
As aquaculture continues to grow at a rapid pace, understanding the engineering behind aquatic production facilities is of increasing importance for all those working in the industry. Aquaculture engineering requires knowledge of the many general aspects of engineering such as material technology, building design and construction, mechanical engineering, and environmental engineering. In this comprehensive book now in its second edition, author Odd-Ivar Lekang introduces these principles and demonstrates how such technical knowledge can be applied to aquaculture systems.
Review of the first edition:
Review of the first edition:
'Fish farmers and other personnel involved in the aquaculture industry, suppliers to the fish farming business and designers and manufacturers will find this book an invaluable resource. The book will be an important addition to the shelves of all libraries in universities and research institutions where aquaculture, agriculture and environmental sciences are studied and taught.'
Aquaculture Europe
'A useful book that, hopefully, will inspire successors that focus more on warm water aquaculture and on large-scale mariculture such as tuna farming.'
Cision
Preface xv 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Aquaculture engineering 1
1.2 Classification of aquaculture 1
1.3 The farm: technical components in a system 2
1.3.1 Land-based hatchery and juvenile production farm 2
1.3.2 On-growing sea cage farm 4
1.4 Future trends: increased importance of aquaculture engineering 5
1.5 This textbook 6 References 6 2 Water Transport 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Pipe and pipe parts 7
2.2.1 Pipes 7
2.2.2 Valves 11
2.2.3 Pipe parts: fittings 12
2.2.4 Pipe connections: jointing 12
2.2.5 Mooring of pipes 13
2.2.6 Ditches for pipes 14
2.3 Water flow and head loss in channels and pipe systems 15
2.3.1 Water flow 15
2.3.2 Head loss in pipelines 16
2.3.3 Head loss in single parts (fittings) 18
2.4 Pumps 19
2.4.1 Types of pump 19
2.4.2 Some definitions 19
2.4.3 Pumping of water requires energy 22
2.4.4 Centrifugal and propeller pumps 23
2.4.5 Pump performance curves and working point for centrifugal pumps 26
2.4.6 Change of water flow or pressure 28
2.4.7 Regulation of flow from selected pumps 29 References 31 3 Water Quality and Water Treatment: An Introduction 32
3.1 Increased focus on water quality 32
3.2 Inlet water 32
3.3 Outlet water 33
3.4 Water treatment 35 References 36 4 Fish Metabolism, Water Quality and Separation Technology 37
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Fish metabolism 37
4.2.1 Overview of fish metabolism 37
4.2.2 The energy budget 38
4.3 Separation technology 39
4.3.1 What are the impurities in water? 39
4.3.2 Phosphorus removal: an example 41 References 42 5 Adjustment of pH 43
5.1 Introduction 43
5.2 Definitions 43
5.3 Problems with low pH 44
5.4 pH of different water sources 44
5.5 pH adjustment 45
5.6 Examples of methods for pH adjustment 45
5.6.1 Lime 45
5.6.2 Sea water 47
5.6.3 Lye or hydroxides 47 References 48 6 Removal of Particles: Traditional Methods 50
6.1 Introduction 50
6.2 Characterization of the water 51
6.3 Methods for particle removal in fish farming 51
6.3.1 Mechanical filters and microscreens 52
6.3.2 Depth filtration: granular medium filters 55
6.3.3 Settling or gravity filters 58
6.3.4 Integrated treatment systems 60
6.4 Hydraulic loads on filter units 62
6.5 Purification efficiency 62
6.6 Dual drain tank 63
6.7 Local ecological solutions 64 References 64 7 Protein Skimming, Flotation, Coagulation and Flocculation 66
7.1 Introduction 66
7.1.1 Surface tension, cohesion and adhesion 68
7.1.2 Surfactants 70
7.2 Mechanisms for attachment and removal 71
7.2.1 Attachment of particles to rising bubbles by collision, typically in flotation 72
7.2.2 Improving colloid and particle removal rates: pretreatment 73
7.2.3 Attachment of surface-active substances, typically in protein skimmers 78
7.2.4 Particle attachment by nucleation 80
7.3 Bubbles 80
7.3.1 What is a gas bubble? 80
7.3.2 Methods for bubble generation 80
7.3.3 Bubble size 82
7.3.4 Bubble coalescence 83
7.4 Foam 83
7.4.1 What is foam? 83
7.4.2 Foam stability 84
7.4.3 Foam breakers 85
7.5 Introduction of bubbles affects the gas concentration in the water 85
7.6 Use of bubble columns in aquaculture 85
7.7 Performance of protein skimmers and flotation plants in aquaculture 86
7.7.1 What is removed in inlet or effluent aquaculture water with the use of protein skimmers? 86
7.7.2 Factors affecting the efficiency of protein skimming in aquaculture 87
7.7.3 Use of ozone 89
7.7.4 Bubble fractionation 89
7.8 Design and dimensioning of protein skimmers and flotation plants 90
7.8.1 Protein skimmers: principles and design 90
7.8.2 Protein skimmers: dimensioning 92
7.8.3 Flotation plant 92
7.8.4 Important factors affecting design of a DAF plant 93 References 95 8 Membrane Filtration 99
8.1 History and use 99
8.2 What is membrane filtration? 100
8.3 Classification of membrane filters 101
8.4 Flow pattern 103
8.5 Membrane shape/geometry 104
8.6 Membrane construction/morphology 105
8.7 Flow across membranes 106
8.8 Membrane materials 106
8.9 Fouling 107
8.10 Automation 108
8.11 Design and dimensioning of membrane filtration plants 108
8.12 Some examples of results with membranes used in aquaculture 112 References 112 9 Sludge Production, Treatment and Utilization 114
9.1 What is the sludge? 114
9.2 Dewatering of sludge 114
9.3 Stabilization of sludge 115
9.4 Composting of the sludge: aerobic decomposition 115
9.5 Fermentation and biogas production: anaerobic decomposition 117
9.6 Addition of lime 118
9.7 Utilization of sludge 118 References 118 10 Disinfection 120
10.1 Introduction 120
10.2 Basis of disinfection 121
10.2.1 Degree of removal 121
10.2.2 Chick''s law 121
10.2.3 Watson''s law 121
10.2.4 Dose-response curve 122
10.3 Ultraviolet light 122
10.3.1 Function 122
10.3.2 Mode of action 122
10.3.3 Design 123
10.3.4 Design specification 124
10.3.5 Dose 125
10.3.6 Special problems 125
10.4 Ozone 125
10.4.1 Function 125
10.4.2 Mode of action 125
10.4.3 Design specification 126
10.4.4 Ozone dose 127
10.4.5 Special problems 127
10.4.6 Measuring ozone content 128
10.5 Advanced oxidation technology 129
10.5.1 Redox potential 129
10.5.2 Methods utilizing AOT 130
10.6 Other disinfection methods 131
10.6.1 Photozone 131
10.6.2 Heat treatment 131
10.6.3 Chlorine 131
10.6.4 Changing the pH 132
10.6.5 Natural methods: ground filtration or constructed wetland 132
10.6.6 Membrane filtration 132 References 132 11 Heating and Cooling 134
11.1 Introduction 134
11.2 Heating requires energy 134
11.3 Methods for heating water 135
11.4 Heaters 136
11.4.1 Immersion heaters 136
11.4.2 Oil and gas burners 137
11.5 Heat exchangers 138
11.5.1 Why use heat exchangers? 138
11.5.2 How is the heat transferred? 138
11.5.3 Factors affecting heat transfer 139
11.5.4 Important parameters when calculating the size of heat exchangers 140
11.5.5 Types of heat exchanger 141
11.5.6 Flow pattern in heat exchangers 144
11.5.7 Materials in heat exchangers 144
11.5.8 Fouling 145
11.6 Heat pumps 146
11.6.1 Why use heat pumps? 146
11.6.2 Construction and function of a heat pump 146
11.6.3 Log pressure-enthalpy (p-H) 147
11.6.4 Coefficient of performance 148
11.6.5 Installations of heat pumps 148
11.6.6 Management and maintenance of heat pumps 149
11.7 Composite heating systems 149
11.8 Chilling of water 153 References 154 12 Aeration and Oxygenation 155
12.1 Introduction 155
12.2 Gases in water 155
12.3 Gas theory: aeration 157
12.3.1 Equilibrium 157
12.3.2 Gas transfer 158
12.4 Design and construction of aerators 159
12.4.1 Basic principles 159
12.4.2 Evaluation criteria 160
12.4.3 Example of designs for different types of aerator 161
12.5 Oxygenation of water 165
12.6 Theory of oxygenation 166
12.6.1 Increasing the equilibrium concentration 166
12.6.2 Gas transfer velocity 166
12.6.3 Addition under pressure 166
12.7 Design and construction of oxygen injection systems 166
12.7.1 Basic principles 166
12.7.2 Where to install the injection system 167
12.7.3 Evaluation of methods for injecting oxygen gas 168
12.7.4 Examples of oxygen injection system designs 169
12.8 Oxygen gas characteristics 172
12.9 Sources of oxygen 172
12.9.1 Oxygen gas 173
12.9.2 Liquid oxygen 173
12.9.3 On-site oxygen production 175
12.9.4 Selection of source 175 Appendix
12.1 177 Appendix
12.2 177 References 177 13 Ammonia Removal 179
13.1 Introduction 179
13.2 Biological removal of ammonium ion 179
13.3 Nitrification 180
13.4 Construction of nitrification filters 181
13.4.1 Flow-through system 182
13.4.2 The filter medium in the biofilter 183
13.4.3 Rotating biofilter (biodrum) 183
13.4.4 Moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) 184
13.4.5 Granular filters/bead filters 185
13.5 Management of biological filters 185
13.6 Example of biofilter design 186
13.7 Denitrification 186
13.8 Chemical removal of ammonia 187
13.8.1 Principle 187
13.8.2 Construction 187 References 188 14 Traditional Recirculation and Water Re-use Systems 190
14.1 Introduction 190
14.2 Advantages and disadvantages of re-use systems 190
14.2.1 Advantages of re-use systems 190
14.2.2 Disadvantages of re-use systems 191
14.3 Definitions 191
14.3.1 Degree of re-use 191
14.3.2 Water exchange in relation to amount of fish 192
14.3.3 Degree of purification 193
14.4 Theoretical models for construction of re-use systems 193
14.4.1 Mass flow in the system 193
14.4.2 Water requirements of the system 193
14.
1.1 Aquaculture engineering 1
1.2 Classification of aquaculture 1
1.3 The farm: technical components in a system 2
1.3.1 Land-based hatchery and juvenile production farm 2
1.3.2 On-growing sea cage farm 4
1.4 Future trends: increased importance of aquaculture engineering 5
1.5 This textbook 6 References 6 2 Water Transport 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Pipe and pipe parts 7
2.2.1 Pipes 7
2.2.2 Valves 11
2.2.3 Pipe parts: fittings 12
2.2.4 Pipe connections: jointing 12
2.2.5 Mooring of pipes 13
2.2.6 Ditches for pipes 14
2.3 Water flow and head loss in channels and pipe systems 15
2.3.1 Water flow 15
2.3.2 Head loss in pipelines 16
2.3.3 Head loss in single parts (fittings) 18
2.4 Pumps 19
2.4.1 Types of pump 19
2.4.2 Some definitions 19
2.4.3 Pumping of water requires energy 22
2.4.4 Centrifugal and propeller pumps 23
2.4.5 Pump performance curves and working point for centrifugal pumps 26
2.4.6 Change of water flow or pressure 28
2.4.7 Regulation of flow from selected pumps 29 References 31 3 Water Quality and Water Treatment: An Introduction 32
3.1 Increased focus on water quality 32
3.2 Inlet water 32
3.3 Outlet water 33
3.4 Water treatment 35 References 36 4 Fish Metabolism, Water Quality and Separation Technology 37
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Fish metabolism 37
4.2.1 Overview of fish metabolism 37
4.2.2 The energy budget 38
4.3 Separation technology 39
4.3.1 What are the impurities in water? 39
4.3.2 Phosphorus removal: an example 41 References 42 5 Adjustment of pH 43
5.1 Introduction 43
5.2 Definitions 43
5.3 Problems with low pH 44
5.4 pH of different water sources 44
5.5 pH adjustment 45
5.6 Examples of methods for pH adjustment 45
5.6.1 Lime 45
5.6.2 Sea water 47
5.6.3 Lye or hydroxides 47 References 48 6 Removal of Particles: Traditional Methods 50
6.1 Introduction 50
6.2 Characterization of the water 51
6.3 Methods for particle removal in fish farming 51
6.3.1 Mechanical filters and microscreens 52
6.3.2 Depth filtration: granular medium filters 55
6.3.3 Settling or gravity filters 58
6.3.4 Integrated treatment systems 60
6.4 Hydraulic loads on filter units 62
6.5 Purification efficiency 62
6.6 Dual drain tank 63
6.7 Local ecological solutions 64 References 64 7 Protein Skimming, Flotation, Coagulation and Flocculation 66
7.1 Introduction 66
7.1.1 Surface tension, cohesion and adhesion 68
7.1.2 Surfactants 70
7.2 Mechanisms for attachment and removal 71
7.2.1 Attachment of particles to rising bubbles by collision, typically in flotation 72
7.2.2 Improving colloid and particle removal rates: pretreatment 73
7.2.3 Attachment of surface-active substances, typically in protein skimmers 78
7.2.4 Particle attachment by nucleation 80
7.3 Bubbles 80
7.3.1 What is a gas bubble? 80
7.3.2 Methods for bubble generation 80
7.3.3 Bubble size 82
7.3.4 Bubble coalescence 83
7.4 Foam 83
7.4.1 What is foam? 83
7.4.2 Foam stability 84
7.4.3 Foam breakers 85
7.5 Introduction of bubbles affects the gas concentration in the water 85
7.6 Use of bubble columns in aquaculture 85
7.7 Performance of protein skimmers and flotation plants in aquaculture 86
7.7.1 What is removed in inlet or effluent aquaculture water with the use of protein skimmers? 86
7.7.2 Factors affecting the efficiency of protein skimming in aquaculture 87
7.7.3 Use of ozone 89
7.7.4 Bubble fractionation 89
7.8 Design and dimensioning of protein skimmers and flotation plants 90
7.8.1 Protein skimmers: principles and design 90
7.8.2 Protein skimmers: dimensioning 92
7.8.3 Flotation plant 92
7.8.4 Important factors affecting design of a DAF plant 93 References 95 8 Membrane Filtration 99
8.1 History and use 99
8.2 What is membrane filtration? 100
8.3 Classification of membrane filters 101
8.4 Flow pattern 103
8.5 Membrane shape/geometry 104
8.6 Membrane construction/morphology 105
8.7 Flow across membranes 106
8.8 Membrane materials 106
8.9 Fouling 107
8.10 Automation 108
8.11 Design and dimensioning of membrane filtration plants 108
8.12 Some examples of results with membranes used in aquaculture 112 References 112 9 Sludge Production, Treatment and Utilization 114
9.1 What is the sludge? 114
9.2 Dewatering of sludge 114
9.3 Stabilization of sludge 115
9.4 Composting of the sludge: aerobic decomposition 115
9.5 Fermentation and biogas production: anaerobic decomposition 117
9.6 Addition of lime 118
9.7 Utilization of sludge 118 References 118 10 Disinfection 120
10.1 Introduction 120
10.2 Basis of disinfection 121
10.2.1 Degree of removal 121
10.2.2 Chick''s law 121
10.2.3 Watson''s law 121
10.2.4 Dose-response curve 122
10.3 Ultraviolet light 122
10.3.1 Function 122
10.3.2 Mode of action 122
10.3.3 Design 123
10.3.4 Design specification 124
10.3.5 Dose 125
10.3.6 Special problems 125
10.4 Ozone 125
10.4.1 Function 125
10.4.2 Mode of action 125
10.4.3 Design specification 126
10.4.4 Ozone dose 127
10.4.5 Special problems 127
10.4.6 Measuring ozone content 128
10.5 Advanced oxidation technology 129
10.5.1 Redox potential 129
10.5.2 Methods utilizing AOT 130
10.6 Other disinfection methods 131
10.6.1 Photozone 131
10.6.2 Heat treatment 131
10.6.3 Chlorine 131
10.6.4 Changing the pH 132
10.6.5 Natural methods: ground filtration or constructed wetland 132
10.6.6 Membrane filtration 132 References 132 11 Heating and Cooling 134
11.1 Introduction 134
11.2 Heating requires energy 134
11.3 Methods for heating water 135
11.4 Heaters 136
11.4.1 Immersion heaters 136
11.4.2 Oil and gas burners 137
11.5 Heat exchangers 138
11.5.1 Why use heat exchangers? 138
11.5.2 How is the heat transferred? 138
11.5.3 Factors affecting heat transfer 139
11.5.4 Important parameters when calculating the size of heat exchangers 140
11.5.5 Types of heat exchanger 141
11.5.6 Flow pattern in heat exchangers 144
11.5.7 Materials in heat exchangers 144
11.5.8 Fouling 145
11.6 Heat pumps 146
11.6.1 Why use heat pumps? 146
11.6.2 Construction and function of a heat pump 146
11.6.3 Log pressure-enthalpy (p-H) 147
11.6.4 Coefficient of performance 148
11.6.5 Installations of heat pumps 148
11.6.6 Management and maintenance of heat pumps 149
11.7 Composite heating systems 149
11.8 Chilling of water 153 References 154 12 Aeration and Oxygenation 155
12.1 Introduction 155
12.2 Gases in water 155
12.3 Gas theory: aeration 157
12.3.1 Equilibrium 157
12.3.2 Gas transfer 158
12.4 Design and construction of aerators 159
12.4.1 Basic principles 159
12.4.2 Evaluation criteria 160
12.4.3 Example of designs for different types of aerator 161
12.5 Oxygenation of water 165
12.6 Theory of oxygenation 166
12.6.1 Increasing the equilibrium concentration 166
12.6.2 Gas transfer velocity 166
12.6.3 Addition under pressure 166
12.7 Design and construction of oxygen injection systems 166
12.7.1 Basic principles 166
12.7.2 Where to install the injection system 167
12.7.3 Evaluation of methods for injecting oxygen gas 168
12.7.4 Examples of oxygen injection system designs 169
12.8 Oxygen gas characteristics 172
12.9 Sources of oxygen 172
12.9.1 Oxygen gas 173
12.9.2 Liquid oxygen 173
12.9.3 On-site oxygen production 175
12.9.4 Selection of source 175 Appendix
12.1 177 Appendix
12.2 177 References 177 13 Ammonia Removal 179
13.1 Introduction 179
13.2 Biological removal of ammonium ion 179
13.3 Nitrification 180
13.4 Construction of nitrification filters 181
13.4.1 Flow-through system 182
13.4.2 The filter medium in the biofilter 183
13.4.3 Rotating biofilter (biodrum) 183
13.4.4 Moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) 184
13.4.5 Granular filters/bead filters 185
13.5 Management of biological filters 185
13.6 Example of biofilter design 186
13.7 Denitrification 186
13.8 Chemical removal of ammonia 187
13.8.1 Principle 187
13.8.2 Construction 187 References 188 14 Traditional Recirculation and Water Re-use Systems 190
14.1 Introduction 190
14.2 Advantages and disadvantages of re-use systems 190
14.2.1 Advantages of re-use systems 190
14.2.2 Disadvantages of re-use systems 191
14.3 Definitions 191
14.3.1 Degree of re-use 191
14.3.2 Water exchange in relation to amount of fish 192
14.3.3 Degree of purification 193
14.4 Theoretical models for construction of re-use systems 193
14.4.1 Mass flow in the system 193
14.4.2 Water requirements of the system 193
14.
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