Hjem

Preface xv
Chapter 1 Diversity, Classification, and Evolution of Vertebrates
1.1 The Vertebrate Story --Binominal nomenclature --Extant vertebrate groups
1.2 Phylogenetic Systematics
1.3 Applying Phylogenetic Criteria --Evaluating possible phylogenies --Molecules and morphology --The problem of dating --Dagger (+) convention adopted in this book
1.4 Using Phylogenetic Trees --Extant phylogenetic brackets --Paraphyly --Crown and stem groups
1.5 Genetic Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change --Phenotypes and fitness --Developmental regulatory genes
1.6 Epigenetic Effects
1.7 Earth History and Vertebrate Evolution
Chapter 2 What Is a Vertebrate??
2.1 Vertebrates in Relation to Other Animals?
2.2 Characteristics of Chordates? --Chordate origins and evolution? --Extant nonvertebrate chordates?
2.3 What Distinguishes a Vertebrate??
2.4 Vertebrate Embryonic Development? --Development of the body? --Development of the pharyngeal region? --Development of the brain? --Other neurogenic tissues of vertebrates?
2.5 Vertebrate Tissues? --Adult tissue types --Mineralized tissues
2.6 Vertebrate Organ Systems --Integumentary system --Skeletal system --Muscular system --Nervous system and sense organs --Endocrine system --Respiratory system --Circulatory system --Digestive system --Excretory and reproductive systems
Chapter 3 Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Gnathostomes
3.1 Earliest Evidence of Vertebrates --Enigmas: +Conodonts and +Tullimonstrum ---Early mineralized tissues --Environment of early vertebrate evolution
3.2 Cyclostomes: Extant Jawless Vertebrate --Characters of cyclostomes --Hagfishes: Myxiniformes --Lampreys: Petromyzontiformes
3.3 Jawless Osteognathostomes
3.4 Gnathostome Body Plan --Gnathostome skeletons --What about soft anatomical features?
3.5 Origin of Jaws --Hypotheses of jaw origins --Importance of the nose --Selective value of jaws
3.6 Origin of Paired Appendages --Fin development and the lateral somitic frontier --Advantages of fins
3.7 Extinct Paleozoic Jawed Fishes
Chapter 4 Living in Water
4.1 Aquatic Environment --Obtaining oxygen from water using gill --Obtaining oxygen from air using lungs and other respiratory structure --Adjusting buoyancy
4.2 Sensory World of Aquatic Vertebrates --Vision --Chemosensation: Olfaction and taste --Detecting water displacement --Hearing and equilibrium --Electroreception and electrogenesis
4.3 Maintaining an Internal Environment --Nitrogenous wastes and kidney --Osmoregulation --Regulation of ions and body fluids
4.4 Osmoregulation in Different Environments --Marine cartilaginous fishes and coelacanths --Marine teleosts --Freshwater teleosts and lissamphibians --Euryhaline vertebrates
Chapter 5 Geography and Ecology of the Paleozoic
5.1 Deep Time --The Precambrian world --The Paleozoic
5.2 Continental Geography --Continental drift and plate tectonics --Shifting continents of the Paleozoic --Shifting continents and changing climates
5.3 Paleozoic Climates
5.4 Paleozoic Ecosystems --Aquatic life --Terrestrial flora --Terrestrial fauna
5.5 Extinctions
Chapter 6 Origin and Radiation of Chondrichthyans
6.1 Acanthodii
6.2 Chondrichthyes --Habitats and diversity --Placoid scales --Cartilaginous skeleton --Teeth and tooth plates --Jaws and jaw suspension --Internal fertilization and claspers --Distinctive soft tissue and physiological features
6.3 Euchondrocephali and Chimaeriformes --Biology of extant Chimaeriformes
6.4 Elasmobranchii, Euselachii, and Neoselachii --Selachii: Sharks --Batomorphi: Skates and rays
6.5 Biology of Neoselachii --Feeding --Bioluminescence and biofluorescence ---Hypoxia and the epaulette shark --Endothermal heterothermy --Swimming --Reproduction --Elasmobranch brains --Social networks and migration in sand tiger sharks
6.6 Declining Elasmobranch Populations --Conservation and sawfishes --Threats to chondrichthyans --Vulnerabilities of chondrichthyans --Ecological impacts of shark population declines --Policies to protect sharks
Chapter 7 Origin of Osteichthyes and Radiation of Actinopterygian
7.1 Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii, and Sarcopterygi --Osteichthyan character --Fin adaptations --Other differences between actinopterygians and sarcopterygians
7.2 Actinopterygii: Basal Group --Polypteriformes --Acipenseriformes --Neopterygii: Holostei --Neopterygii: Teleoste
7.3 Characters of Teleostei
7.4 Teleostei: Basal Groups --Elopomorpha --Osteoglossomorpha --Otocephala --Basal euteleosts
7.5 Teleostei: Acanthopterygii --Basal acanthopterygians --Percomorph
7.6 Swimming and Hydrodynamics --Generating forward thrust --Modes of locomotion --Speed and drag --Steering, stopping, and staying in place
7.7 Reproduction and Development --Oviparity --Viviparity --Sex change in teleosts
7.8 Ecology of Marine Teleosts --Black-water diving and larval teleosts --The photic zone and its subdivisions --Coral reef fishes --Pelagic and deep-sea fishes
Chapter 8 Sarcopterygians and the Origin of Tetrapods
8.1 Phylogenetic Concepts of Tetrapoda and Characters for Sarcopterygii
8.2 The Miguasha Lagerstätte and the "Good Fossil Effect"
8.3 Actinistia --+Onychodontia --Coelacanthiformes
8.4 Dipnomorpha --+Porolepiformes --Dipnoi ?
8.5 Tetrapodomorpha --Basal tetrapodomorphs --Tetrapods
8.6 Moving onto Land --How did fins become limbs? --Body support and locomotion of early tetrapods
8.7 Paleoecology of Devonian Tetrapodomorphs
Chapter 9 Origins of Lissamphibia and Amniota
9.1 Paleozoic Tetrapods and the Origins of Extant Groups --Temnospondyli --Origins of Lissamphibia --Reptiliomorpha and the origin of amniotes --Paleozoic diversification of amniotes
9.2 Characters of Amniotes --Skeletal characters --The amniotic egg --Other soft-tissue characters of amniotes
9.3 Diversification of Amniotes --Temporal fenestration: Synapsids and diapsid --Ankle evolution in amniote
Chapter 10 Geography and Ecology of the Mesozoic
10.1 Continental Geography and Climates --Continental movements --Climate shifts
10.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems --Flora --Fauna
10.3 Marine Ecosystems --Faunal composition: Apex predators --Other clades
10.4 Extinctions --Triassic and Jurassic extinctions --Cretaceous extinctions
Chapter 11 Living on Land
11.1 Support on Land --Axial skeleton --Axial muscle --Appendicular skeleton --Size and scaling
11.2 Locomotion
11.3 Eating
11.4 Breathing Air
11.5 Pumping Blood Uphill
11.6 Sensory Systems --Vision --Hearing and equilibrium --Olfaction
11.7 Conserving Water in a Dry Environment --Cutaneous water loss --Respiratory water loss --Excretory water loss
Chapter 12 Lissamphibians
12.1 Diversity of Lissamphibians --Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia --Salamanders --Anurans --Caecilians
12.2 Life Histories of Lissamphibians --Mating and reproduction in salamanders --Anuran mating and reproduction --Anuran metamorphosis --The ecology of tadpoles --Caecilian reproduction and development
12.3 Respiration and Circulation --Cutaneous respiration and blood flow --Blood flow in larvae and adults
12.4 Water Relations --Uptake and storage of water --Cutaneous water loss --Behavioral control of cutaneous water loss
12.5 Crypsis, Warning Colors, Toxins, and Venoms --Skin glands and toxins --Toxicity and diet --Venomous lissamphibians
12.6 Why Are Lissamphibians Vanishing? --Chytrid fungi --Synergisms and domino effects
Chapter 13 Synapsids and Sauropsids: Two Ways of Living on the Land
13.1 Conflicts between Locomotion and Respiration
13.2 Lungs and Lung Ventilation: Supplying Oxygen to the Blood --Synapsid lungs --Sauropsid lungs
13.3 Circulatory Systems: Supplying Oxygen to Tissues --Systemic arches of mammals and birds --Hearts with a ventricular septum: Mammals and birds --Hearts without a ventricular septum: Turtles and lepidosaurs --Shunting blood when the heart has a ventricular septum: Crocodylians
13.4 Getting Rid of Wastes: The Kidneys --Nitrogenous waste products --Nitrogen excretion by synapsids: The mammalian kidney --Nitrogen excretion by sauropsids: Renal and extrarenal routes
Chapter 14 Ectothermy and Endothermy: Two Ways of Regulating Body Temperature
14.1 Why Regulate Body Temperature?
14.2 Ectothermal Thermoregulation --Energy exchange and mechanisms of ectothermy --Thermal ecology of ectotherms
14.3 Endothermal Thermoregulation --Mechanisms of endothermal thermoregulation?
14.4 Pure Ectothermy a