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PrefacePart I. An OverviewIntroductionPart II. Some Images of Organization2. Mechanization Takes Command: Organizations as MachinesMachines, Mechanical Thinking, and the Rise of Bureaucratic OrganizationThe Origins of Mechanistic OrganizationClassical Management Theory: Designing bureaucratic organizationsScientific ManagementStrengths and Limitations of the Machine Metaphor3. Nature Intervenes: Organizations as OrganismsDiscovering Organizational NeedsRecognizing the Importance of Environment: Organizations as Open SystemsContingency Theory: Adapting Organization to EnvironmentThe Variety of the SpeciesContingency Theory: Promoting Organizational Health and DevelopmentNatural Selection: The Population-Ecology View of OrganizationsOrganizational Ecology: The Creation of Shared FuturesStrengths and Limitations of the Organismic Metaphor4. Learning and Self-Organization: Organizations as BrainsImages of the BrainOrganizations as Information Processing BrainsCreating Learning OrganizationsCybernetics, Learning, and Learning to LearnCan Organizations Learn to Learn?Guidelines for "Learning Organizations"Organizations as Holographic BrainsPrinciples of Holographic DesignStrengths and Limitations of the Brain Metaphors5. Creating Social Realty: Organizations as CulturesCulture and OrganizationOrganization as a Cultural PhenomenonOrganization and Cultural ContextCorporate Cultures and SubculturesCreating Organizational RealityCulture: Rule Following or Enactment?Organization: The enactment of a Shared RealityStrengths and Limitations of the Cultural Metaphor6. Interests, Conflict, and Power: Organizations as Political SystemsOrganizations as Systems of GovernmentOrganizations as Systems of Political ActivityAnalyzing InterestsUnderstanding ConflictExploring PowerManaging Pluralist OrganizationsStrengths and Limitations of the Political Metaphor7. Exploring Platos Cave: Organizations as Psychic PrisonsThe Trap of Favored Ways of ThinkingOrganization and the UnconsciousOrganization and Repressed SexualityOrganization and the Patriarchal FamilyOrganization, Death, and ImmortalityOrganization and AnxietyOrganization, Dolls, and Teddy BearsOrganization, Shadow, and ArchetypeThe Unconscious: A Creative and Destructive ForceStrengths and Limitations of the Psychic Prison Metaphor8. Unfolding Logics of Change: Organization as Flux and TransformationAutopoiesis: Rethinking Relations With the EnvironmentEnactment as a Form of Narcissism: Organizations Interact With Projections of ThemselvesIdentity and Closure: Egocentrism Versus Systemic WisdomShifting "Attractors": The Logic of Chaos and ComplexityManaging in the Midst of ComplexityLoops, Not Lines: The Logic of Mutual CausalityContradiction and Crisis: The Logic of Dialectical ChangeDialectical Analysis: How Opposing Forces Drive ChangeThe Dialectics of ManagementStrengths and Limitations of the Flux and Transformation Metaphor9. The Ugly Face: Organizations as Instruments of DominationOrganization as DominationHow Organizations Use and Exploit Their EmployeesOrganization, Class, and ControlWork Hazards, Occupational Disease, and Industrial AccidentsWorkaholism and Social and Mental StressOrganizational Politics and the Radicalized OrganizationMultinationals and the World EconomyThe Multinationals as World PowersMultinationals: A Record of Exploitation?Strengths and Limitations of the Domination MetaphorPart III. Implications For Practice10. The Challenge of MetaphorMetaphors Create Ways of Seeing and Shaping Organizational LifeSeeing, Thinking, and Acting in New Ways11. Reading and Shaping Organizational LifeThe Multicom CaseInterpreting MulticomDeveloping and Detailed Reading and "Storyline"Multicom From Another View"Reading" and Emergent Intelligence12. PostscriptBibliographic NotesIntroductionThe Machine MetaphorThe Organismic MetaphorThe Brain MetaphorThe Culture MetaphorThe Political MetaphorThe Psychic Prison MetaphorThe Flux and Transformation MetaphorThe Domination MetaphorThe Challenge of MetaphorReading and Shaping Organizational LifePostscriptBibliography