Power to the People

Viser: Power to the People - How Open Technological Innovation Is Arming Tomorrow's Terrorists

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Audrey Kurth Cronin

(2019)

Oxford University Press

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How Open Technological Innovation Is Arming Tomorrow's Terrorists

Audrey Kurth Cronin

(2020)

Sprog: Engelsk

Oxford University Press, Incorporated

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Vital Source 365 day rentals (dynamic pages)
Udgiver: Oxford University Press (Oktober 2019)
ISBN: 9780190882167R365

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Essential reading on how technology empowers rogue actors and how society can adapt. Never have so many possessed the means to be so lethal. A dramatic shift from 20th century "closed" military innovation to "open" innovation driven by commercial processes is underway. The diffusion of modern technology--robotics, cyber weapons, 3-D printing, synthetic biology, autonomous systems, and artificial intelligence--to ordinary people has given them access to weapons of mass violence previously monopolized by the state. As Audrey Kurth Cronin explains in Power to the People, what we are seeing now is the continuation of an age-old trend. Over the centuries, from the invention of dynamite to the release of the AK-47, many of the most surprising developments in warfare have occurred because of technological advances combined with changes in who can use them. That shifting social context illuminates our current situation, in which new "open" technologies are reshaping the future of war. Cronin explains why certain lethal technologies spread, which ones to focus on, and how individuals and private groups will adapt lethal off-the-shelf technologies for malevolent ends. Now in paperback with a foreword by Lawrence Freedman and a new epilogue, Power to the People focuses on how to both preserve the promise of emerging technologies and reduce risks. Power is flowing to the people, but the same digital technologies that empower can imperil global security--unless we act strategically.

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Detaljer om varen

Hardback: 376 sider
Udgiver: Oxford University Press, Incorporated (Januar 2020)
ISBN: 9780190882143

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Indhold

Never have so many possessed the means to be so lethal. The diffusion of modern technology (robotics, cyber weapons, 3-D printing, autonomous systems, and artificial intelligence) to ordinary people has given them access to weapons of mass violence previously monopolized by the state. In recent years, states have attempted to stem the flow of such weapons to individuals and non-state groups, but their efforts are failing.As Audrey Kurth Cronin explains in Power to the People, what we are seeing now is an exacerbation of an age-old trend. Over the centuries, the most surprising developments in warfare have occurred because of advances in technologies combined with changes in who can use them. Indeed, accessible innovations in destructive force have long driven new patterns of political violence. When Nobel invented dynamite and Kalashnikov designed the AK-47, each inadvertently spurred terrorist and insurgent movements that killed millions and upended the international system.That history illuminates our own situation, in which emerging technologies are altering society and redistributing power. The twenty-first century "sharing economy" has already disrupted every institution, including the armed forces. New "open" technologies are transforming access to the means of violence. Just as importantly, higher-order functions that previously had been exclusively under state military control - mass mobilization, force projection, and systems integration - are being harnessed by non-state actors. Cronin closes by focusing on how to respond so that we both preserve the benefits of emerging technologies yet reduce the risks. Power, in the form of lethal technology, is flowing to the people, but the same technologies that empower can imperil global security - unless we act strategically.

Introduction: The Age of Lethal Empowerment
PART ONE: THEORYChapter 1: Classic Models of Military Innovation: Shaped by the Nuclear Revolution Introduction The Historical Relationship between War and Technology Innovation is Double-Edged The Social Nature of Diffusion Technology is Not Strategy Historical Context Matters Opening Pandora''s Box
Chapter 2: The Arsenal for Anarchy: When and How Violent Individuals and Groups Innovate Introduction The Historical Relationship between Political Violence and TechnologyHow Technologies Were Harnessed How Lethal Nonstate Actors Innovate Everett Rogers'' Theory of Commercial Diffusion Revisited
PART TWO: HISTORYChapter 3: Dynamite and the Birth of Modern Terrorism Introduction The Advent of Gunpowder Early Explosive Violence from Below Gunpowder Helps Build the Modern World Alfred Nobel''s Vision Dynamite Becomes the People''s Weapon The Narodnaya Volya and the Killing of the Tsar The Skirmishers and Clan na Gael The International Anarchist Movement Why Dynamite Diffused
Chapter 4: How Dynamite Diffused IntroductionInnovation Was Not Driven by the Military The Global Production of DynamiteGrowth Despite DangerInexorable Downward Pressure on PriceThe Stoking of Discontent The International Anarchist Convention of 1881 and ''Propaganda of the Deed'' Dynamite Schools and Pamphlets Anarchist Newspapers and Periodicals Worldwide Mass Market Sensationalism Patterns in Numbers of AttacksHow Global Dynamitings Ended Nobel''s Remorse
Chapter 5: The Kalashnikov and the Global Wave of Insurgencies Introduction The Evolution of Firearms and the Introduction of the Machine Gun Kalashnikov''s Invention of the AK-47 Why the AK-47 Was so Widely Adopted A Humble, Yet Disruptive Innovation
Chapter 6: How the Kalashnikov Diffused The Kalashnikov''s Debut and Public Demonstration Trading in Kalashnikovs The Diffusion of KalashnikovsA Proliferation of Factories The Revolutionary''s Weapon of ChoiceBack to the USA The Impact on the Power of States Why the Kalashnikov SpreadThe Floodgates Opened Kalashnikov''s RegretThe Power of Unintended ConsequencesPART THREE: CONVERGENCE: WIDESPREAD LETHAL EMPOWERMENTChapter 7: Open Innovation of Mobilization: Social Media and Conquering Digital Terrain Introduction The New Nature of Mobilization New Tools for Old Tactics New Tools Used in New WaysBoundless Interactivity Mobile Streaming Videos and Live-streaming Quality First-Person Filmmaking TechnologyViral Fake News End-to-End Encryption Hijacking Psychological TacticsUnintended Consequences Redux
Chapter 8: Open Innovation of Reach: From AK-47s to Drones, Robots, Smartphones, and 3-D Printing Introduction Convergent Technologies and Extended Reach The Scope of Unmanned Systems How Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Extend Private Reach Predators, Reapers, Global Hawk: Sustaining Technologies The Pattern of State-to-State Proliferation of UAVs State-to-Group Proliferation of UAVs: Hezbollah and Hamas These Are Not the Drones You''re Looking For Terrorist and Insurgent Groups'' Lethal UAV Programs Crowd-funded, "Grey Zone," and Private UAV Intelligence Advances in the Works Drones as Missiles Democratized Precision Strike Capability Everyone Manufactures Everything with 3D Printing Individual Flying Devices Lagging Countermeasures
Chapter 9: An Army of One Launches Many: Autonomy and Artificial IntelligenceIntroductionA Spectrum of AutonomyThe Perils of Full Artificial IntelligenceThe Predictions of Lethal Empowerment TheoryAutonomous ReachSelf-driving Truck BombsHijacking the Internet of ThingsAutonomous SwarmsSmall Autonomous Killer RobotsTailored for Terrorism Conclusion: Strategy in an Age of Lethal Empowerment Powerful Economic Incentives for DiffusionTechnological Optimism and a Boom in TinkeringNew Communications Technologies Are Powerful Incentives to ViolenceMilitaries Are Facing the Innovator''s DilemmaDisruptive Private Armies: The ISIS PrecedentResponding to the ThreatThe Profit Motive for ProtectionsRegulation Is Not Necessarily StrangulationBuilding Up National SecurityStrategy in an Age of Lethal Empowerment