Hjem

Volume 1 About the Editors xix Preface xxiii 1 Xylanases: Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 1 Mariana Delgado-Garcia, Lizeth G. Campos-Muzquiz, Rocio G. Castillo-Godina, Sendar D. Nery-Flores, Lissethe Palomo-Ligas, Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos, Beatriz del C. Cutiño-Laguna, and Raul Rodriguez-Herrera
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 3
1.3 Structure 5
1.4 Xylanases as Biocatalyst 8
1.5 Genomics Studies on Xylanases 11
1.6 Xylanases as a Promising Enzyme for Industrial Applications 13
1.7 Industrial Food Applications 14
1.8 Future Trends 17
1.9 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgment 19 References 20 2 Exploration of the Microbial Urease and Their Industrial Applications 31 Jackson Khedia, Rupali Gupta, and Gautam Anand
2.1 Urease Enzyme and Its History 31
2.2 Urea Hydrolysis 31
2.3 Sources and Molecular Attributes of Urease Enzyme 32
2.4 Urease Purification 33
2.5 Applications of Urease Enzyme 36
2.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects 40 References 41 3 Methane Monooxygenase Production and Its Limitations 47 Gaurav S. Rana, Neetika Naudiyal, Vaibhav Badoni, Amit S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Classes of MMO 48
3.3 Structure and Active Site of MMO 50
3.4 Mechanism of Action 52
3.5 Regulation of MMO 54
3.6 Sources of MMO 54
3.7 Genetic Engineering of MMOs 55
3.8 MMO Production 57
3.9 Applications of MMO and Methanotrophs 58
3.10 Limitations in MMO Production 61
3.11 Conclusion 61 References 62 4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: An Eco-sustainable Development Toward a Green World 67 Abhijeet W. Singh, Ramendra Soni, Arun K. Pal, Jayant Kashyap, Pooja Tripathi, and Vijay Tripathi
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Structure, Classification, and Properties of PHAs 69
4.3 Production and Synthesis of PHAs 70
4.4 Applications of PHAs in the Health Sector 71
4.5 Tissue Engineering 71
4.6 Bio-implantation Patches 72
4.7 Drug Delivery 72
4.8 Surgical Applications 72
4.9 Orthopedic Applications 73
4.10 Industrial Applications of PHAs 73
4.11 Agricultural Applications 75
4.12 Conclusion and Future Prospective 76 Acknowledgments 77 References 78 5 An Insight into Production Strategies for Microbial Pectinases: An Overview 87 Shruti Dwivedi, Gautam Anand, Sangeeta Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Microbial Pectinases 88
5.3 Microbial Pectinases: Mode of Action and Classifications 89
5.4 Sources of Microbial Pectinases 89
5.5 Production of Microbial Pectinases 95
5.6 Bioreactors-based Production of Microbial Pectinases 96
5.7 Response Surface Methodology for Enhancing Production of Microbial Pectinases 99
5.8 Purification of Microbial Pectinases 101
5.9 Immobilization of Microbial Pectinases 102
5.10 Future Prospects and Conclusion 102 References 107 6 Hydrocarbon-degrading Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi and Their Applications 119 Mark Gabriel M. Galinato and Adeline Su Yien Ting
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution 120
6.2.1 Hydrocarbons 120
6.2.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution and Management 121
6.3 Mangrove Environments 123
6.4 Mangrove-associated Fungi as Hydrocarbon Degraders 126
6.5 Ligninolytic Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi 131
6.6 Applications and Future Prospects 135
6.7 Conclusion 138 References 138 7 Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes Production and Their Applications 149 Gebiru Sinshaw, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, Gessesse K. Bekele, and Mesfin T. Gemeda
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Sources of Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes 150
7.3 Application of Microbial Enzymes in Industries 154
7.4 Challenges and Future Trends of Microbial Enzymes 163
7.5 Conclusion 164 List of Abbreviations 164 Authors'' Contributions 164 Acknowledgments 165 References 165 8 Peroxidases: Role in Bioremediation 173 Huda Afreen, Ravi Kant Singh, and Pradeep Kumar
8.1 Introduction 173
8.2 Classification of Peroxidases 176
8.3 Applications of Different Peroxidases for Environmental Pollution Management 177
8.4 Conclusion 183 Acknowledgment 183 References 183 9 Microbial α-L-Rhamnosidase and Its Significance in Therapeutics 189 Vinita Yadav
9.1 Introduction 189
9.2 Sources 190
9.3 Substrate Specificity and Optimality 190
9.4 Isolation of Microbial Strains for Producing α-L-Rhamnosidase Enzyme 196
9.5 Assay Method 196
9.6 Purification Method 198
9.7 Biochemical Properties and Application of α-L-Rhamnosidase 199
9.8 Summary 201 References 202 10 The Use of Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industries: A Global Perspective 207 Hina Radadiya, Rajesh Patel, and Ramesh Kothari
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 Global Perspective and Demand for Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industry 208
10.3 Production of Industrial Enzymes 209
10.4 Approach to Boost Properties of Microbial Enzymes 211
10.5 Microbial Enzymes in Food Industries 212
10.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 219 References 220 11 Alkane Hydroxylases: Sources and Applications 225 Sangeeta Negi and Satyapriy Das
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 Sources of Alkane Hydroxylases 227
11.3 Production, Purification, and Characterization of Alkane Hydroxylases 229
11.4 Applications of Alkane Hydroxylases 231
11.5 Future Prospects 235
11.6 Conclusion 236 References 236 12 An Overview of Production of Bacterial and Fungal Laccases and Their Industrial Applications 243 Sushil K. Singh, Arya Sahu, Manish S. Rajput, and Nand Lal
12.1 Introduction 243
12.2 Structure of Laccase 245
12.3 Mode of Action 247
12.4 Sources of Laccase 248
12.5 Substrates, Mediators, and Screening of Laccases 250
12.6 Production of Bacterial Laccases 251
12.7 Production of Fungal Laccases 254
12.8 Applications of Laccases 254
12.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 260 References 260 13 Magic of Microbial Enzymes: Earthworm''s Gut as a Bioreactor 273 Jayanta K. Biswas and Anurupa Banerjee
13.1 Introduction 273
13.2 Classification of Enzymes 274
13.3 Earthworms: Intestines of the Earth 275
13.4 Earthworms and Their Relation with Microbes and Enzymes 277
13.5 Importance of Enzymes Related to Earthworms and the Associated Microorganisms 278
13.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 283 References 284 14 Proteases from Thermophilic Bacteria: Their Significant Characteristics and Recombinant Production 293 Nitin Srivastava, Sumit Kumar, and Sunil K. Khare
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 Thermophilic Bacteria 294
14.3 Thermophilic Proteases 297
14.4 Stability of Thermophilic Proteases and Underlying Mechanisms 298
14.5 Significance of Thermophilic Proteases 299
14.6 Recombinant Thermophilic Protease Production Strategies and Related Challenges 300
14.7 Enzyme Engineering Strategies 301
14.8 Applications 302
14.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 303 References 304 15 Mining and Redesigning of Microbial Enzymes for the Degradation of Organophosphorus Pesticides 309 Fauzia Parween and Rinkoo D. Gupta
15.1 Introduction 309
15.2 Selection of the Starting Gene 310
15.3 DNA Level Processes for the Creation of Gene Library 312
15.4 Screening of the Gene Library 315
15.5 Characterization of Designed Enzymes 318
15.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 320 List of Abbreviations 321 References 321 16 Use of Omics Tools Toward the Discovery of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 329 Neelam A. Kungwani, Simran Dani, and Gunjan Sharma
16.1 Introduction 329
16.2 Biotechnological Applications of Key Fungal Enzymes 330
16.3 Biotechnological Potential of Fungal Metabolites 333
16.4 In Silico Tools for Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites Prediction 335
16.5 Use of In Silico Tools for the Prediction of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 338
16.6 Implications and Limitations of the In Silico Studies in Fungal Biology 339
16.7 Conclusions and Prospects 339 References 339 17 Bioprospecting of Microbial Enzymes with Application in Environmental Biotechnology: An Omic Approach 345 Maricy R. L. Bonfá, Rodrigo M. Pereira, Francine A. Piubeli, Caio C. A. do Prado, and Lucia R. Grossman
17.1 Introduction 345
17.2 Environmental Biotechnology Areas 347
17.3 Microbial Enzymes Applied in Environmental Recovery 352
17.4 Microbial Enzymes for Bioproduct Manufacturing 356
17.5 Omics Approaches for Bioprospecting Enzymes 360
17.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 374 References 375 18 Recent Trends in Computational Tools for Industrially Important Enzymes 383 Shweta Srivastava, Sakina Bombaywala, Hemant J. Purohit, and Nishant A. Dafale
18.1 Introduction 383
18.2 Strategies for Discovering Enzymes 385
18.3