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Introduction 1 About This Book 2 Foolish Assumptions 2 Icons Used in This Book 3 Beyond the Book 4 Where to Go from Here 4
Part 1: Getting Started with 3D Printing 5
Chapter 1: Seeing How 3D Printers Fit into Modern Manufacturing 7 Embracing Additive Manufacturing 8 Defining additive manufacturing 9 Contrasting with traditional manufacturing 10 Understanding the advantages of additive manufacturing 13 Exploring the Applications of 3D Printing 17 Working with RepRap 18
Chapter 2: Exploring the Types of 3D Printing 19 Exploring Basic Forms of Additive Manufacturing 19 Photopolymers 20 Granular powders 24 Laminates 27 Filament-based production 28 Understanding the Limitations of Current Technologies 29 Considering fabrication rates 29 Exploring size constraints 30 Identifying object design constraints 30 Understanding material restrictions 31
Chapter 3: Exploring Applications of 3D Printing 33 Looking at Current Uses of 3D Printing 34 Rapid prototyping 34 Direct digital fabrication 35 Restoration and repair 36 Designing for the Future with 3D Printing 39 Household goods 39 Buildings 40 Bridges 43 Examining Molding and Casting through 3D Printing 43 Lost-material casting 43 Sintered metal infusion 44 Applying Artistic Touches and Personalization 44 Medical implants 44 Biological implants (organs) 46 Item personalization 46 Clothing and textiles 46 Customizing Designs on the Fly 48 Military operations 48 Space 49
Part 2: Outlining 3D-Printing Resources 51
Chapter 4: Identifying Available Materials for 3D Printing 53 Exploring Extruded Materials 54 Thermoplastics 55 Experimental materials 59 Extruded alternatives 59 Identifying Granular Materials 61 Plastic powders 61 Sugar and salt 61 Metal powders 62 Sand and natural granular materials 63 Exploring Photo-Cured Resins 64 Understanding Bioprinting 65 Bioprinting food and animal products 66 Replacement tissues and organs 67 Identifying Other Uses for Materials 67 Recycling materials 68 Producing food 68 Caring for people 69
Chapter 5: Identifying Sources for 3D-Printable Objects 71 Exploring Object Repositories 72 Vendor repositories 72 Community repositories 74 Designing in the Computer 75 Scanning Objects 78 Capturing Structure from Photographs 82 Preparing Models for Printing 85 3D model viewers 86 Mesh modelers 86 Mesh repairers 86
Part 3: Exploring the Business Side of 3D Printing 87
Chapter 6: Commoditizing 3D Printing 89 Democratizing Manufacturing 89 Derived designs 90 Curated artifacts 90 Expanded opportunities 91 Establishing Personal Storefronts 94 Creating a unique design 94 Fabricating a unique product on demand 96 Creating "Impossible" Objects 98 Building New Tools 99 Moving beyond solid blocks 99 Creating the tool that will create the tool 100
Chapter 7: Understanding 3D Printing''s Effect on Traditional Lines of Business 103 Transforming Production 103 Displacing the production line 104 Abbreviating the manufacturing chain 105 Providing local fabrication 106 Eliminating traditional release cycles 107 Challenging Intellectual Property Laws 107 Threatening IP protections 108 Assigning legal liability 110 Leveraging Expired Patents 110 Working around patents 111 Protecting intellectual property rights 112 Imposing Ethical Controls 113
Chapter 8: Reviewing 3D-Printing Research 115 Building Fundamental Technologies 115 Crafting educational tools 116 Expanding 3D-printing options 118 Creating 3D-printed electronics 119 Creating Functional Designs 119 Drones, robots, and military applications 120 Von Neumann machines 121 Expanding Material Selection 122 Supporting Long Space Voyages 123 Creating Medical Opportunities 125
Part 4: Employing Personal 3D-Printing Devices 127
Chapter 9: Exploring 3D-Printed Artwork 129 Adorning the Body 129 Personalizing Your Environment 131 Incorporating Individualism in Design 132 Visualizing the Abstract 134 Sharing Art 136
Chapter 10: Considering Consumer-Level 3D Printers 139 Examining Cartesian 3D Printers 140 Exploring Delta Options 143 Understanding Polar Fabrication 146 Getting to Know SCARA and Robot Arm Motion 147 Building Emerging Alternatives 148 Open innovation and community designs 151 Examining Printers for Flexible Materials 152 Understanding Shore ratings 152 Printing with soft filaments 153 Sampling 3D Food Printers 154 Going beyond RepRap 159 Prusa i3 MK2 159 Sigma 160 Printrbot Simple Metal 161 LulzBot Taz 6 161 Ultimaker 3 162 MakerBot 163
Chapter 11: Deciding on a RepRap of Your Own 165 Evaluating Your 3D Printing Needs 166 Do you want a RepRap or another 3D printer? 166 Do you buy a ready-built 3D printer or use a kit? 167 Licensing and Attribution 168 Selecting a 3D Printer Design 171 RepRap designs 171 Home 3D printer kits and self-sourcing 176 Experimental designs 179 Choosing Print Media 181 Thermoplastic 181 PLA/PHA plastic 183 ABS 185 PET 185 Composite or filled materials 186 Paste 187 Identifying Components 189 Structural framework 189 Extruder 189 Build plate 193 Control electronics 194 Software 195 Simplify3D 197
Part 5: Creating a RepRap 3D Printer 201
Chapter 12: Assembling Structural Elements 203 Locating Materials 203 Kits 204 Self-sourcing 206 Printing your own 207 Ask the community 207 Online marketplaces 207 Obtaining Printed Parts for Machine Assembly 208 Understanding the Machine Motion 209 Z-axis motion 210 X and Y motion 212 Building the Frame Structure 214 Assembling the Prusa i3 Y-Axis Frame 219 Assembling the Moving Axis 220 Assembling the Prusa i3 moving Y axis 223 Assembling the Prusa i3 moving Z and X axes 224 Joining the Z, X, and Y axes 227 Sensing the Home Position 228
Chapter 13: Understanding RepRap Control Electronics 231 Understanding RepRap Electronics 231 RAMPS 232 RAMBo 232 Sanguinololu 234 Minitronics 234 RUMBA 235 Elefu-RA V3 235 Megatronics 236 Adding Electronics to Your RepRap 3D Printer 238 Preparing for electronics assembly 238 Fitting the positional sensors to the frame 239 Fitting the heated bed to the Y carriage 241 Preparing and fitting the main electronics 242 Preparing and connecting the power supply 243 Connecting the motor and position-sensing wiring 244 Adding Modular Components, Sensors, and Motors 246 Printing without a computer 246 Installing stepper-motor driver modules 246 Selecting position-sensing modules 249 Identifying power-supply requirements 250 Installing add-ons 253 Connecting RepRap Wiring 255 Configuring Firmware 256 Configuring Prusa i3 firmware 258 Uploading Marlin firmware to RAMPS electronics 263
Chapter 14: Assembling the RepRap Extruder 265 Thermoplastic Extrusion 265 Filament drive mechanism 266 Idler wheel 270 Prusa i3 Extruder and Hot-End Assembly 273 Fitting the filament drive to the motor shaft 273 Assembling the extruder idler pressure bearing 273 Fitting the J-head hot-end 274 Fitting the assembled extruder to the X carriage 274 Wiring the extruder to RAMPS 275 Multicolor Print Methods 279 Toothpaste effect 280 Three-way color mixing 280 Two-color printing 281 Layer-selective color printing 282 Cut-and-follow-on printing 283 Extruder Operation and Upgrades 286 Fixing a blocked hot-end or extruder 288 Acquiring an assortment of extruders 289 Cooling extruders with fans 291
Chapter 15: Identifying Software and Calibrating Your 3D Printer 295 Finding 3D Design Software and Models 295 Using design software 301 Verifying models with Netfabb 303 Working with Slic3r 305 Configuring Slic3r 305 Processing models with Slic3r 308 Calibrating Your 3D Printer 315 Leveling your print bed 316 Tuning your hot-end temperature control 318 Calibrating extruder distance 318 Printing Objects 322 Printing vases, pots, and cups 326 Printing large single-piece objects 328 Printing tiny or highly detailed objects 328 Printing many objects at the same time 329 Improving print quality 330
Chapter 16: Refining the Design and 3D-Printing Process 331 Being Productive with 3D Printing 331 Refining Your Print Preparations 333 Examining a Design Example 336 Designi