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Preface xxiii About the Authors xxix
Part I An Overview of Computer Systems 1 Computers and Systems 4
1.0 Introduction 5
1.1 The Starting Point 8
1.2 Components of the Computer System 10 The Hardware Component 13 The Software Component 15 The Communication Component 17 The Computer System 17
1.3 The Concept of Virtualization 19
1.4 Protocols and Standards 20
1.5 Overview of This Book 21
1.6 A Brief Architectural History of the Computer 22 Early Work 23 Computer Hardware 24 Operating Systems 27 Communication, Networks, and the Internet 31 Summary and Review 32 For Further Reading 33 Key Concepts and Terms 33 Reading Review Questions 33 Exercises 34 2 An Introduction to System Concepts and Systems Architecture 36
2.0 Introduction 37
2.1 The General Concept of Systems 37
2.2 IT System Architectures 44 The Role of the System Architect 46 Summary and Review 48 For Further Reading 48 Key Concepts and Terms 49 Reading Review Questions 49 Exercises 49
Part II Data in the Computer 3 Number Systems 52
3.0 Introduction 53
3.1 Numbers as a Physical Representation 53
3.2 Counting in Different Bases 54
3.3 Performing Arithmetic in Different Number Bases 59
3.4 Numeric Conversion Between Number Bases 63 Alternative Conversion Methods 65
3.5 A Special Conversion Case--Number Bases That Are Related 67
3.6 Fractions 68 Fractional Conversion Methods 71
3.7 Mixed Number Conversions 73 Summary and Review 73 For Further Reading 74 Key Concepts and Terms 74 Reading Review Questions 74 Exercises 75 4 Data Formats 78
4.0 Introduction 79
4.1 General Considerations 79
4.2 Alphanumeric Character Data 82
4.3 Visual Data 88 Bitmap Images 89 Object Images 93 Representing Characters as Images 96 Video Images 96
4.4 Audio Data 97
4.5 Data Compression 100
4.6 Page Description Languages 102
4.7 Internal Computer Data Format 102 Numerical Character to Integer Conversion 104 Summary and Review 105 For Further Reading 106 Key Concepts and Terms 106 Reading Review Questions 106 Exercises 107 5 Representing Numerical Data 110
5.0 Introduction 111
5.1 Unsigned Binary and Binary-Coded Decimal Representations 111
5.2 Representations for Signed Integers 115 Sign-and-Magnitude Representation 115 Nine''s Decimal and 1''s Binary Complementary Representations 117 Ten''s Complement and 2''s Complement 124 Overflow and Carry Conditions 126 Other Bases 127 Summary of Rules for Complementary Numbers 128
5.3 Real Numbers 128 A Review of Exponential Notation 128 Floating Point Format 130 Normalization and Formatting of Floating Point Numbers 133 A Programming Example 135 Floating Point Calculations 136 Floating Point in the Computer 139 Conversion between Base 10 and Base 2 141
5.4 Programming Considerations 142 Summary and Review 143 For Further Reading 144 Key Concepts and Terms 144 Reading Review Questions 144 Exercises 145
Part III Computer Architecture and Hardware Operation 6 The Little Man Computer 152
6.0 Introduction 153
6.1 Layout of the Little Man Computer 154
6.2 Operation of the LMC 154
6.3 A Simple Program 156
6.4 An Extended Instruction Set 157
6.5 The Instruction Cycle 160
6.6 A Note Regarding Computer Architectures 162 Summary and Review 163 Key Concepts and Terms 163 Reading Review Questions 164 Exercises 164 7 The CPU and Memory 166
7.0 Introduction 167
7.1 The Components of the CPU 168
7.2 The Concept of Registers 169
7.3 The Memory Unit 171 The Operation of Memory 171 Memory Capacity and Addressing Limitations 175 Primary Memory Characteristics and Implementation 176
7.4 The Fetch-Execute Instruction Cycle 178
7.5 Classification of Instructions 181 Data Movement Instructions (load, store, and Other Moves) 183 Arithmetic Instructions 183 Boolean Logic Instructions 184 Single Operand Manipulation Instructions 184 Bit Manipulation Instructions 184 Shift and Rotate Instructions 185 Program Control Instructions 186 Stack Instructions 187 Multiple Data Instructions 189 Other Instructions 190
7.6 Instruction Word Formats 190
7.7 Instruction Word Requirements and Constraints 192 Summary and Review 195 For Further Reading 195 Key Concepts and Terms 195 Reading Review Questions 196 Exercises 197 8 CPU and Memory: Design, Enhancement, and Implementation 200
8.0 Introduction 201
8.1 CPU Architectures 202 Overview 202 Traditional Modern Architectures 202
8.2 CPU Features and Enhancements 203 Introduction 203 Fetch-Execute Cycle Timing Issues 204 A Model for Improved CPU Performance 206 Scalar and Superscalar Processor Organization 210
8.3 Memory Enhancements 213 Wide Path Memory Access 214 Memory Interleaving 214 Cache Memory 215
8.4 The Compleat Modern Superscalar CPU 219
8.5 Multiprocessing 221
8.6 A Few Comments on Implementation 225 Summary and Review 225 For Further Reading 226 Key Concepts and Terms 227 Reading Review Questions 227 Exercises 228 9 Input/Output and Buses 230
9.0 Introduction 231
9.1 Characteristics of Typical I/O Devices 232
9.2 Programmed I/O 237
9.3 Interrupts 239 Servicing Interrupts 239 The Uses of Interrupts 241 Multiple Interrupts and Prioritization 245
9.4 Direct Memory Access 249
9.5 I/O Controllers 252
9.6 Buses 254 Bus Characteristics 254 Summary and Review 258 For Further Reading 259 Key Concepts and Terms 259 Reading Review Questions 259 Exercises 260 10 Computer Peripherals 262
10.0 Introduction 263
10.1 The Hierarchy of Storage 264
10.2 Solid-State Memory 266
10.3 Magnetic Disks 267 Disk Arrays 272
10.4 Optical Disk Storage 274
10.5 Magnetic Tape 276
10.6 Displays 277 Basic Display Design 277 Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) 279 Liquid Crystal Display Technology 282 OLED Display Technology 283
10.7 Printers 284 Laser Printers 285 Inkjet Printers 285
10.8 User Input Devices 286 Keyboards 287 Pointing Devices 287 Alternative Sources of Alphanumeric Input 288 Scanners 291 Multimedia Input 291 Mobile Devices 292
10.9 Network Communication Devices 293 Summary and Review 293 For Further Reading 294 Key Concepts and Terms 294 Reading Review Questions 295 Exercises 295 11 Computer System Organization 298
11.0 Introduction 299
11.1 Putting the Pieces Together 300
11.2 System Architecture 305 Basic System Interconnection Requirements 305 Bus I/O 307 Channel Architecture 311 Blurring the Line 313 Summary and Review 313 For Further Reading 313 Key Concepts and Terms 314 Reading Review Questions 314 Exercises 314
Part IV Networks, Data Communications, and Networked Computer Systems 12 Networks and Data Communications--An Overview 318
12.0 Introduction 319
12.1 The Impact of Networking on Business Processes and User Access to Knowledge and Services 320
12.2 A Simple View of Data Communications 321
12.3 Basic Data Communication Concepts 324 Messages 324 Packets 325 General Channel Characteristics 326
12.4 Networks 330 Network Topology 330 Types of Networks 334 Network Interconnection 347
12.5 Standards 351 Summary and Review 352 For Further Reading 352 Key Concepts and Terms 352 Reading Review Questions 353 Exercises 353 13 Ethernet and T CP/IP Networking 356
13.0 Introduction 357
13.1 TCP/IP, OSI, and Other Communication Protocol Models 357
13.2 Program Applications versus Network Applications 362
13.3 The Physical and Data Link Layers 362 The Physical Layer 363 The Data Link Layer 364 Hub-Based Ethernet 366 Switched Ethernet 366 Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi) 367
13.4 The Network Layer 368
13.5 The Transport Layer 372
13.6 IP Addresses 376 IPv4 and DHCP 376 IPv6 379
13.7 Domain Names and DNS Services 380
13.8 Quality of Service 385
13.9 Network Security 386 Physical and Logical Access Restriction 386 Encryption 387
13.10 Alternative Protocols 387 A Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI 388 Other Protocol Suites and Components 388 SCSI Over IP 389 Cellular Technology 389 MPLS 390 Summary and Review 390 For Further Reading 391 Key Concepts and Terms 391 Reading Review Questions 392 Exercises 392 14 Communication Channel T echnology 396
14.0 Introduction 397
14.1 Communication Channel Techno